1. MedievWorld1_fm_4pp.qxd
80 Avignon and the Avignonese papacy The Harrowing of Hell In 1309, the French pope CLEMENTV, wandering and unable to return to ...
Ayyubids of Egypt and Syria 81 Humanitatis, 1983); Julian Gardner, The Tomb and the Tiara: Curial Tomb Sculpture in Rome and Avi ...
82 al-Azhar Mosque city. He acted with mercy in most of these victories, enforcing his reputation among the Christians. During t ...
B 83 Babylonian Captivity SeeAVIGNON AND THE AVIGNONESE PAPACY. Bacon, Roger (ca. 1213–1294)English philosopher, often considere ...
84 Badr, Battle of instead, a reader, writer, and rhetorician on behalf of the utility of science. His works mention flying mach ...
Baldwin I (Baldwin the Iron Arm) 85 financial management, and limited administration of justice. This Norman model was adopted i ...
86 Baldwin I (Baudouin de Boulogne) Baldwin I’s efforts to take full control of his county were typical in the history of CAROLI ...
Ball, John 87 Between 1182 and 1185, the Muslim leader every year attacked castles on the other side of the river Jordan and rai ...
88 ballads and balladry ballads and balladry(ballata)Ballads were the domi- nant lyric form or narrative folk song in French poe ...
banks and banking 89 The German Hansa,trans. D. S. Ault and S. H. Steinberg (1964; reprint, London: Macmillan, 1970); Richard Fl ...
90 Bannockburn, Battle of formed by consortia of merchants who financed large- scale enterprises for political entities such as ...
Bari 91 wars led to a population collapse from about 50,000 in 1340 to 20,000 by 1477. In 1480, the Jews, who had con- tributed ...
92 Bartolo da Sassoferrato city passed back under Byzantine control. In 895 it became the capital of a military district coverin ...
Basil II the Bulgar Slayer 93 Cardinal Louis Aleman, an ardent partisan of concil- iar theory, assumed the presidency of the rem ...
94 Basil of Caesarea, the Great, Saint A History of the Byzantine State and Society(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, ...
Bayazid I 95 The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 2, c. 700– c. 900, ed. Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: Cam- bridge Univer ...
96 Baybars I Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks,trans. Harry J. Magoulias (Detroit: Wayne State University Press ...
Becket, Thomas, Saint 97 See alsoANIMALS AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; BESTIARIES; CHAUCER,WILLIAM. Further reading:The Epic of the Beas ...
98 Becket, Thomas, Saint with dialectical disputation and current theological and philosophical issues. Changes in his family’s ...
Beguines and Beghards 99 Becket and Henry II met in July 1170 and seemed to move closer to resolving their differences. Becket d ...
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