Telling the Evolutionary Time: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record

The amino acid substitution models used in this study (Table 1.1) are all special forms of the model of Yang et al. (1998), whic ...

Figure 1.2 Rates of amino acid replacement for ADH, AMD, DDC, GPDH, SOD, and XDH in dipterans. The time unit (abscissa) is 10 mi ...

ADH The average rate of amino acid replacement (× 10 −^10 /site per year) in this protein for comparisons between species of the ...

Brogna et al. 2001). However, even if the Adh genes of drosophilids and tephritids are paralogous, they differentiated at an unu ...

XDH The rate of amino acid replacement is fairly regular. The rates are 32.6× 10 −^10 /site per year between Drosophila groups, ...

Figure 1.3 Global rates of amino acid replacement for GPDH, G6PD, PGD, SOD, TPI, and XDH. The time unit (abscissa) is 100 millio ...

year) much greater for comparisons between drosophilid genera (4.4× 10 −^10 ) and still greater for comparisons between dipteran ...

Table 1.3 Normalized rates of evolution of GPDH, G6PD, PGD, SOD, TPI, and XDH for increasingly remote lineages The species compa ...

factor of two when comparisons are made between the more diverged brachycerans and nematocerans (23.4× 10 −^10 /site per year ob ...

likelihood values are calculated using the true topology, and caution is needed when the phylogeny is uncertain (Yang et al. 199 ...

identify and exclude sequences that violate the rate-constancy assumption have only limited statistical power (Dobzhansky et al. ...

with individual genes, using the separate rates displayed in Table 1.3 (see also the estimates of Rodríguez-Trelles et al. 2001a ...

Cook, J.L., Bewley, G.C. and Schaffer, J.B. (1988) ‘Drosophila sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes are generated by a ...

Nei, M. (1987) Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, New York: Columbia University Press. Nei, M., Xu, P. and Glasko, M. (2001) ‘Esti ...

von Kalm, L., Weaver, J., DeMarco, J., MacIntyre, R.J. and Sullivan, D.T. (1989) ‘Structural characterization of the α-glycerol- ...

Chapter 2 Molecular clocks and a biological trigger for Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth events and the Cambrian explosion S.Blair ...

through several cycles of global glaciations during the period 750–580 Ma, each of which may have been characterized by complete ...

with most, including lineages associated with land plants, diverging in the interval 800– 1200 Ma (Heckman et al. 2001). In that ...

older remains of either lineage have been found since the mid-1800s, and (iv) earlier branches in the vertebrate tree constrain ...

proteins the highest weight (i.e. because they contain the highest proportion of variable sites) whereas those proteins may prod ...