Telling the Evolutionary Time: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record

sites per 10^6 years (Table 6.1). The rRNA rates are also relatively stable in a family of planktonic Foraminifera, the Globiger ...

Table 6.1 Heterogeneity of rates of substitution in pairs of phylogenetically related genera and species a Number of substitutio ...

On the other hand, the radiation of Foraminifera probably occurred at 750– 850 Ma. Although the first fossil Foraminifera appear ...

Figure 6.1 Phylogenetic position of the Foraminifera among ‘crown’ Eukaryotes, inferred from 50 complete SSU rRNA sequences with ...

Characterization of the stem-branch leading to the Foraminifera A more detailed study of the complete SSU rRNA sequences used in ...

suggests a more recent origin for the group (Pawlowski et al. 1999), which probably evolved from filose protists belonging to th ...

References Ayala, F.J. (1997) ‘Vagaries of the molecular clock’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 94:7776–8 ...

Keeling, P.J. (2001) ‘Foraminifera and Cercozoa are related in actin phylogeny: two orphans find a home?’, Molecular Biology and ...

Pawlowski, J., Bolivar, L., Fahrni, J., de Vargas, C. and Bowser, S.S. (1999) ‘Molecular evidence that Reticulomyxa filosa is a ...

Winker, S. and Woese, C.R. (1991) ‘A definition of the domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya in terms of small subunit ribosomal ...

Chapter 7 Dating the origin of land plants Charles H.Wellman ABSTRACT Ascertaining the time of origin of land plants has been a ...

Introduction The origin of land plants was one of the most important events in the history of life on Earth. The invasion of the ...

embryophyte lineage that may have possessed some, but not all, embryophyte characters, and may even have lived in a predominantl ...

to both charophycean green algae and bryophytes (resistant compounds in vegetative cell walls and cytoplasmic desiccation resist ...

How long did the evolutionary transformation take? Of major relevance to the problem of defining land plants and pinpointing the ...

transformation from an aquatic green alga to a subaerial embryophyte relatively slow or rapid? Were the characteristics that def ...

Early land plant megafossil record The fossil record for early land plant megafossils is relatively poor and highly biased. This ...

Early land plant microfossil record In contrast to the early land plant megafossil record, the dispersed microfossil record is e ...

from extant embryophytes and in situ from early land plant megafossils (see review in Gray 1985; Wellman and Gray 2000). Somewha ...

Evidence for the affinities of cryptospores is derived from four main sources: (i) occurrence (i.e. depositional environment) of ...