Evolution, 4th Edition

T HE TREE of LifE 39 including humans, includes at least a few genes that have been horizontally acquired during their ancestry ...

40 CHAPTER 2 to haplotypes in birds from the United States. For several reasons (such as HGT), different genes sometimes have ha ...

T HE TREE of LifE 41 during the ancestry of the vertebrates, all of which have both genes. The α- and β-hemoglobins arose by gen ...

42 CHAPTER 2 we consider two possible evolutionary histories. The common ancestors are labeled A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 , from older ...

T HE TREE of LifE 43 among groups of organisms, especially distantly related taxa: there is not a universal molecular clock. For ...

44 CHAPTER 2 called conservative characters, are retained with little or no change over long peri- ods among the many descendant ...

T HE TREE of LifE 45 leading to mammals before the mammalian orders diversified, so in terms of order of branching, frogs are an ...

EV oLUTioN iS ofTEN GRADUAL Darwin argued that evolution proceeds by small successive changes (gradualism) rather than by large ...

T HE TREE of LifE 47 HoMoPLASY iS CoMMoN Homoplasy—the independent evolution of a char- acter or character state in different ta ...

48 CHAPTER 2 exceptions to Dollo’s law [3]. The ancestral life history pattern of salamanders includes an aquatic larval stage w ...

THE TREE of LifE 49 niche is often the best initial evidence of the feature’s adaptive significance. For example, a long, thin b ...

50 CHAPTER 2 Futuyma Kirkpatrick Evolution, 4e Sinauer Associates Troutt Visual Services Evolution4e_02.23.ai Date 12-16-2016 Q ...

THE TREE of LifE 51 Futuyma Kirkpatrick Evolution, 4e Sinauer Associates Troutt Visual Services Evolution4e_02.24.ai Date 11-02- ...

SUMMARY ■■Modern biology has affirmed Darwin’s hypothe- sis that all the organisms we know of, present and past, have descended ...

SUGGESTioNS foR fURTHER READiNG Tree Thinking: An Introduction to Phylogenetic Biology, by D. A. Baum and S. D. Smith (Rob- erts ...

03_EVOL4E_CH03.indd 54 3/22/17 1:19 PM ...

Some people are thrilled by snakes, while others are repelled and fearful, but no one can deny that they are fascinating animals ...

56 CHAPTER 3 surface area (over which water is lost by evaporation) to volume (FIGURE 3.2). In some species, a coat of hair that ...

NATuRAl SElECTioN ANd AdAPTATioN 57 in Natural Theology [39] that, just as the intricacy of a watch implies an intelligent, purp ...

58 CHAPTER 3 We have already seen (in Chapter 1) that bacteria can evolve resistance to anti- biotics very rapidly. Similarly, r ...