Before and After Muhammad The First Millennium Refocused

106 | CHAPTER 4 A eg ea n (^) S ea Bā b (^) a l-M an dab Black Sea Gulf of ͑Aqaba M ed it er ra ne an (^) Se a R ed (^) S ea Dan ...

SPACE: AN EASTWARD SHIFT | 107 Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea) C as p ia n (^) S e a Strait of Hormuz Pe rs ia n Gu lf Hyp has is (Be ...

108 | CHAPTER 4 A eg e a n (^) S e a Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Gulf of ͑Aqaba Rhodes Cyprus Mt Amanus Mt Lebanon Mt Ca ...

SPACE: AN EASTWARD SHIFT | 109 Persian Gulf C a s p i a n S e a Tigr is Eup hra tes Z a g r o s M t s Ca uc as us (^) M ts AKKAD ...

110 | CHAPTER 4 maturing Islamic world.^54 There is a sense in which the Abbasid Caliphate was a revival of the Sasanid Empire. ...

SPACE: AN EASTWARD SHIFT | 111 rulers that they too are envisaged as members of the Iranian Common- wealth.^64 At the opposite e ...

112 | CHAPTER 4 by the empire’s Mediterranean base, could open much more directly and self- confidently eastward. Viewed from th ...

SPACE: AN EASTWARD SHIFT | 113 Simeon’s collection of cloth creeds must have seemed reassuring proof that the anti- Chalcedonian ...

114 | CHAPTER 4 in the Slavic world, progressively Christianized from the sixth century on- ward. It merits notice here if only ...

SPACE: AN EASTWARD SHIFT | 115 lamic learning and art which occurred in eighth- to tenth- century Bagh- dad—with important contr ...

116 | CHAPTER 4 Arena well to the south of Syria- Mesopotamia, the traditional amphitheater of empire. Our three commonwealths—I ...

SPACE: AN EASTWARD SHIFT | 117 Crescent, has been one of the traditional foci of Western as well as Eastern imagination and hist ...

118 | CHAPTER 4 and the snows so deep that men sink in up to their knees.”^95 On its West the arena is bounded by the mountains ...

SPACE: AN EASTWARD SHIFT | 119 northern rim draws into our picture the Caucasus and the seas which flank it, the Black Sea and t ...

120 | CHAPTER 4 second that the Arena’s rim of mountains was duplicated by a network of trade routes both terrestrial and mariti ...

SPACE: AN EASTWARD SHIFT | 121 epigraphy are now revealing how, from the mid- fifth century, the South Ara- bian kingdom of Himy ...

122 | CHAPTER 4 two same regions, Arabia in the South and Armenia (plus Iberia and Alba- nia) in the North. The last decades of ...

SPACE: AN EASTWARD SHIFT | 123 mia, but could not force the Zagros passes. Because, by contrast, the Moun- tain Arena’s western ...

124 | CHAPTER 4 states, members of the Islamic Commonwealth, notably the Umayyads in Spain and later the Fatimids in Eg ypt, who ...

SPACE: AN EASTWARD SHIFT | 125 basids, Arab dynasties that actually originated from the Mountain Arena, achieved world empire ba ...