Popes and Jews, 1095-1291

12 Popes and Jews, 1095–1291 divided about the limited types of livelihood open to them and about which of these they chiefly fa ...

Introduction 13 success of subsequent crusades was vitally important to popes now committed to maintaining the crusader states.^ ...

14 Popes and Jews, 1095–1291 popes relying on Jewish converts to Christianity and Christian scholars who could read Hebrew for k ...

Introduction 15 whole with Rome at its centre.^67 The pope, who ordered the Church and led the fight against its enemies, was th ...

16 Popes and Jews, 1095–1291 Church in Spain. So although papal statements remained carefully thought-out responses to petitione ...

Introduction 17 unconditional. Rather, it was implied that although Jews lived in Christian Europe, they remained outside the co ...

18 Popes and Jews, 1095–1291 an extremely important role. Since Innocent wished to encourage crusaders by offering financial inc ...

Introduction 19 The concern with heresy also encouraged fresh preoccupation with the possibility of Christians converting to Jud ...

20 Popes and Jews, 1095–1291 Innocent’s Lateran IV again emphasized the restricted place of Jews in Christian society. Four cons ...

Introduction 21 Furthermore, the Council wished to highlight a distinction between the people of the Old Covenant and the people ...

22 Popes and Jews, 1095–1291 their own successor to the Old Testament in the Talmud.^105 Hence, in response to increasing compla ...

Introduction 23 of their duty to give spiritual leadership.^110 As we shall see in Chapter Two, in the thirteenth century charge ...

24 Popes and Jews, 1095–1291 the Talmud should be burnt because it contained many heresies, but declared that qua pope he had be ...

Introduction 25 decreed that Jews who had induced Christians to adopt their Jewish rites must be appropriately punished.^122 Ove ...

26 Popes and Jews, 1095–1291 THE EVOLuTION OF PAPAL ATTITuDES There is no doubt that thirteenth-century popes increasingly respo ...

Introduction 27 reinforcement of Jewish subservience was unintentional: there was no ‘policy of degradation’, since the aim was ...

For decades, scholars, fascinated by the relationship of the papacy to the Jews in the High Middle Ages, have explored its devel ...

Jewish Ideas about the Papacy 29 leaders.3 Fear of conversion to Christianity and more generally a desire to pro- tect  their co ...

30 Popes and Jews, 1095–1291 events and episodes.10 Yet it is difficult to determine whether this was particularly characteristi ...

Jewish Ideas about the Papacy 31 twelfth centuries Jews in germany and Northern France were apparently much more hostile to thei ...