Across Forest, Steppe, and Mountain_ Environment, Identity, and Empire in Qing China\'s Borderlands
motivations for adaptations like foal forage training Mongols such as Ušish’s charges habitually engaged in. In this way humans, ...
mares, and this proportion was maintained or even increased, as in the 170 mare and 32 gelding herds maintained in 1747.^81 Offi ...
sources, mainly meat or grass, could sustain only one side or the other and were, consequently, not staples interconnecting this ...
by the state or even modified beyond certain limits. Some of those limits were drawn in milk. Other limits were both ineffective ...
administration dynastically imposed in response to migration’s arablist consequences. Subprefectures were also prerequisites for ...
administrative center for two of Shanxi’s six conglomerated subprefectures known collectively as Gui(hua)-Sui(yuan) Liu Ting in ...
grassland resources, albeit in fundamentally different ways. Interethnic competition ensued and lasted over the next 130 years. ...
Additionally, authorities like the Yongzheng emperor recognized that it was more difficult, even in normal times, to raise horse ...
pastures that they were soon converted to agriculture. Seventy-two percent of Hangzhou’s vast pasturage tracts were converted in ...
problems persisted in the Bordered Blue pastures that precluded such absolute solutions. A 1739 report on the regional problem c ...
to Mongol pastoral identity. The official deliberation of the proposal categorically asserted that“the Chahar Mongols all requir ...
Just two lakes in the Kheshigten Banner area of the Juu Uda League, for example, annually drew more than one thousand itinerant ...
Mongol logging from 1707 at the request of the Baarin and Ongni’ud banners. Objections from the nearby Kheshigten Banner, whose“ ...
Like milk, salt is a nutritional prerequisite for both humans and animals because, among other functions, it regulates osmotic p ...
support of Manchu garrisons of ten thousand men. Sun envisioned a “paradise”(letu) that would permit Han cultivators and banner ...
ruined excellent pastures by building shelters and cutting grass and trees daily for fuel, especially to“boil”alkali-impregnated ...
any diggers but found ample evidence of unauthorized commercial extraction of sufficient scale to adversely affect state and pri ...
large and interdependent group from the even larger masses to the south. From an administrative perspective, there was an irresi ...
already hosted more than 117 , 600 “old”Han, some of whom were probably the cultivators who clashed with local Kharachin Mongols ...
9 Heuschert,“Legal Pluralism,” 313 – 14. For overviews of Qing Mongol law and its major compilations, see Oljeitogtoqu,“Qingchao ...
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