The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

thefirstweeksoftheGermancampaign,callingtheBelgianFranctireursa“cow- ardlyriff-raff”¹⁵⁷thatdeservedtobeexecutedandhavetheirhomes ...

Despiteallefforts,theplansofDiemandSelimSırrıtoestablishtheOGD andtheBJDasanumbrellaparamilitaryorganizationofferingregularsport ...

mentioned,however,theneedforsuchanorganizationfortheRepublicwas stressedyetagain.TheauthorvaluedtheOGD’smaincontributiontothemil ...

in 1923 ¹⁷⁰andmayhavebeenfuelledbytheKurdishuprisingintheDiyarbakır provinceinthespringof 1925 andthefearoftheTurkishauthorities ...

drewfromtheTurkishdebateabouttheorganizationofyouth.Nevertheless,he stillshowedconsiderableinterestindevelopmentsinthisfield,par ...

probablereasonsfortherefusalbythegovernment.Furthermore,budgetary problemsmighthavealsoplayedarole,asinthecaseoftherejectionofth ...

interwarEurope.¹⁸⁴Theunderlyingbasicthoughtwasabetterpreparationofthe youthfortherequirementsoftheageoftotalwaranditsunification ...

opmentoftheindividualthroughsportswasessential.Duetohiswartimeexpe- rience,hewasalsodrivenbysocialDarwinistconvictions,namely,th ...

However,theNationalSocialistsrefusedtoparticipateinanyofthestate youthprojects.Hitler’srisetopowerinJanuary 1933 eventuallyputan ...

CarlDiemhadbeenrecommendedtotheTurkishgovernmentbyKemaled- dinSami,theheadoftheTurkishNationalOlympicCommitteeandambassador inGe ...

amtrustfulthatnooneelseotherthanyouistherightmantotakeovertheprac- ticalimplementationoftheplan.”²⁰⁶ InHoff’sFootsteps:DieminAna ...

“Beholdtheconservedpoweroftheeast,theAnatolianfarmer,withtheconsistinglystrik- ingthroughAlarodianracewiththeshort,highskullsand ...

struction,expandedbydailygymnasticatschool(Diem’sceterumcenseofrom thedebateinGermany.)Forthistask,theMinistryofDefenseshouldest ...

asasuggestionbySelimSırrı.Inapersonalconversation,theveteranoftheOs- manlıGençDerneklerihadadvisedtheGermanvisitortostressthenee ...

organizationshouldhaveitslocaldomicile(forsixgroupseach)intheparty’s PeopleHouses(HalkEvleri).²²⁷Diemsuggestedtohavethegroupsled ...

arationforanimminentcivilwarinTurkeyratherthanfocusonthephysicaled- ucationofTurkishyouth.²³³ Inthismilitaristsense,Diemconclude ...

theGermancommunity.ItsactivitieswereunderthesurveillanceoftheTurkish authoritiesanditsmemberswerenotallowedtoweartheHJuniforminp ...

TurkishReactionsandtheLawof 1938 AlreadyaroundthetimeofDiem’svisittoTurkeytherehadbeencallsinthe TurkishBoyScoutmovementforastro ...

InthesameyearHüseyinRahmiApak,themanwhohadorganizedCarlDiem’s visittoTurkey,receivedthereportofamuch-traveledpartymemberwhohad s ...

didnotincludeanyreferencestotheformerGerman-Ottomancooperationdur- ingthewar,thetextcontainedtheoccasionalreferencetoGermany. Ap ...