The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

centrateonthe 10 – 13 millionencitizensbornafter 1912 .²⁵⁴Theauthorspleaded forpublicparadesofyoungpeoplefollowingpoliticalstate ...

ligenceoffieldworkandothersocialvices,accordingtotheauthors,wereadaily occurrenceintheTurkishcountryside.Thatiswhythemalesinthev ...

TowardsaTurkishYouthOrganization IntheTurkeyof 1937 ,evaluationsforanewnation-wideyouthorganizationdid notrefertotheOGDmodel.How ...

thoritiesrefusedtoissueatravelpermitformorethanthreemonths,asthey neededDiemtopreparethe 1940 OlympicWinterGamesinGermany.²⁷¹ No ...

Alloftheseappropriationsintermsoforganizingthenation’syouthhaveto beseenasameanstowesternizetheOttomanstatefollowingEuropeanmode ...

tweentheBundJungdeutschlandandtheHitlerYouth.²⁷⁸Toacertaindegreethis wasalsothecasefortheTurkishmodel,thoughitneverreachedthedim ...

4German-TurkishMilitary Cooperationafter 1918 ChapterOutline AfterthedefeatoftheCentralPowersin1918,thesocialpostionoftheGerman ...

ThesecondpartofthischapterwillfocusontherenewedhiringofGerman militaryinstructors,beginningwiththeinterestingcaseofCaptainHansTr ...

servedintheOttomanarmy.Nevertheless,theTurkishmilitarypressdidnotrefer todebatesinthosetwoperiodicals.ThesamealsoappliedfortheGe ...

CoalitionWarfareunderAssessment IntheGermanmilitarypress,mostwartimeshortcomingsoftheGermanarmy werediscussedcritically.Thelacko ...

nial.ErensharedtheGermanview,sincehesawEnver’sbehaviourasafeature oftheTurkishnationalcharacter.InthefutureTurkeyhadtobeawaretha ...

hadbenefittedby85percentfromtheconditionsofthealliancetreatysignedon 2August 191 4.Turkeywasexpectedtocalculatetherisksoffutures ...

conductofoperationsbyLimanvonSandersduringthestalemateinGallipoli werecriticized.CaptainZorbu,whohadlosthissoninthebattle,commen ...

Inthesubsequentyears,theTurkishmilitarypresstookamorenationalap- proachtomilitaryhistorywithoutexcludingitsEuropeansources.TheAs ...

bigreformwork.ThestimulatingworkofGermansoldiersfromMoltketoGoltz andLimanvonSandersprobablyhadashareintoday’supswingofTurkey.”³ ...

jectedtootherconventionsthanthemilitaryperiodicals.Sinceithadamuch biggerreadershipastheperiodicals,itdeservesspecialattentionhe ...

TheTurkishPresidentialassesmentofthealliancewithGermanybecamepartof theTurkishofficialview,tobereproducedbyactiveandretiredoffic ...

hisownheadquartersandthewell-beingofhisownfatherland.Theyuseupourarmywith- outmercy,devastateourcountryandleave.[...][ToEnverPas ...

practices,includingthedailybriefing(Vortrag)oncurrentmilitaryandintelli- gencedevelopmentsforEnverandLiman.⁵⁶However,othercustom ...

inde],however,theimpertinenciescommittedbysomeofthemwhoweretobefoundinour landcreatedadistancetowardstheGermans.”⁶¹ Erkinthentur ...