Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe - Robert Drews
were erected especially on the Eurasian steppe, but tumuli were also raised not only in southern Caucasia, Anatolia and Europe, ...
waves of mounted warriors from the steppes—is indeed a Phantasieprodukt, to use Häusler’s term. A revised Kurgan theory Despite ...
and morphology in the Baltic and Slavic languages, as well as in Italo-Keltic, finds persuasive not only Anthony’s identificatio ...
millennium BChorses were food animals, sharing the life and fate of cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. Anthony’s narrative is differ ...
By 3000 BCsheep were raised primarily for their wool, and castrated oxen were valued as draft animals useful for pulling sledges ...
In Mesopotamia and western Iran the native equid was the Asiatic wild ass or onager (Equus hemionus). The onager is larger and s ...
fourth and even the fifth. According to the thesis advocated by Gimbutas until the early 1990s and in recent decades by Anthony, ...
Much more puzzling than the butchering of riding horses is that an invention of the bit ca. 4200 BCcould have been of so little ...
Raiding parties of a dozen riders could move fifty to seventy-five head of cattle or horses fairly quickly over hundreds of kilo ...
Like Gimbutas’ original theory, Anthony’s founders on the fact that neither on the steppe nor in those areas of Europe supposedl ...
The “domination” or control of a horse probably began not very well: with a nose-ring. In the Near East the nose-ring had long b ...
mountains,” and ANŠE.ZI.ZI, “speedy ass.” The Sumerograms first appear in texts from the Ur III period (2112–2004 BC, middle chr ...
directional control of draft donkeys in the Near East.^57 Nose-rings, however, were evidently still in use in the Near East 300 ...
correct, of course, but instead of weakening the thesis that the chariot appeared first on the steppe they strengthen a very dif ...
on enforcing directional control from a vehicle (i.e. from a distance behind the horses’ mouths)—something that is much less dif ...
but not all, had a wheel gauge somewhat narrower than that of chariots in the Late Bronze Age) and served only as vehicles desti ...
recovered from Level II of the Kanesh Karum at Kültepe depicts a man standing in his spoke-wheeled chariot and grasping two line ...
The chariot in hunting Much more important than display or recreation was hunting.^83 Archers in horse- drawn chariots could mov ...
have been found, was followed—after 2000 BC—by archaeological cultures characterized by numerous permanent settlements. In the S ...
mouthpiece between its teeth: if the horse clamped down on the ends of the jointed canons it pushed the joint up into the roof o ...
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