The Eurasian Triangle. Russia, the Caucasus and Japan, 1904-1945

54 Ë A Lull Fig. 3.1.Nestor Magalashvili, Tiflis, 1906. new manifestation of Russian political organization.” In January 1906, h ...

“Pacication” Ë 55 evidence, only suspicion; that your soldiers are encouraged to loot and to pillage the shops; that not only t ...

56 Ë A Lull tionaries.¹⁰From 1905 to 1911, more than ve thousand state ocials were killed by ter- rorists in Russia as a whole ...

The Impact of Japan’s Victory Ë 57 at the time, “This is the beginning of a new era in world history.”¹⁶In the Caucasus and its ...

58 Ë A Lull But it also resulted in colossal casualties on both sides.¹⁹Armenians and Kurds in Eastern Anatolia, became equally ...

The Impact of Japan’s Victory Ë 59 tians for that matter) in the Caucasus at the time. It is remarkable, however, that hav- ing ...

60 Ë A Lull world, including nearly 14 million in Russia.²⁷Nevertheless, the Japanese government failed to understand this impor ...

A New Global Political Conguration Ë 61 The Anglo-Russian Convention was prompted at least in part by the rapid rise of the Ger ...

62 Ë A Lull United States did tolerate Japan’s annexation of Korea in 1910 (in exchange for secu- rity in its colonies in the Ph ...

“Spy Mania” Ë 63 3.4 “Spy Mania” Despite Russia and Japan’s political rapprochement, they never stopped considering each other p ...

64 Ë A Lull Russia’s fear of Japan became an impetus for reforming and strengthening its mil- itary intelligence: “In a broad se ...

“Spy Mania” Ë 65 was arrested in Chita, Siberia, on suspicion of espionage, causing a diplomatic scan- dal.⁴⁹In reaction, the Ru ...

66 Ë A Lull the Japanese embassy for many years, as well as others) who were visiting Tiis were in fact military spies because ...

“Spy Mania” Ë 67 Pitskhelauri himself allegedly operated twenty-four agents (many of whom ran din- ing cars) scattered along the ...

68 Ë A Lull the spy mania originated not in the Soviet period but well before the Bolsheviks ever came to power in 1917. It was ...

The Caucasus on the Eve of World War I Ë 69 to be drastically curtailed in 1910, the Georgian Socialist Federalists protested ag ...

70 Ë A Lull Fig. 3.2.Peter Surguladze. Magalashvili, and others.⁷⁵In 1913 the committee began publishingFree Georgia.⁷⁶ During W ...

The Caucasus on the Eve of World War I Ë 71 Fig. 3.3.Members of the Georgian Student Association in Switzerland “Iveria” in comm ...

72 Ë A Lull tiun, or nationalist party, continued to increase its inuence throughout Armenian society, especially between 1903 ...

4 War, Independence, and Reconquest, 1914–21 Even though the events leading up to World War I may have appeared to be purely Eu- ...