The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the 13th and 14th Centuries

190 chapter four the sources do not support the idea that such an agreement ever existed: Özbek, despairing of his cause, was pr ...

the golden horde and the black sea 191 Judging by the victims chosen, it seems self-evident that Özbek’s repri- sals were intend ...

192 chapter four choban, but at the same time bringing the customary gifts.199 Sultan al- Malik an-Nāṣir received Özbek’s envoys ...

the golden horde and the black sea 193 In sharp contrast to the dwindling political aspect, the commercial side of the relations ...

194 chapter four cuman steppe, it arrived just in time for Özbek, still striving to win over the Mamluk Sultan, to seize the occ ...

the golden horde and the black sea 195 thus by his actions in the decade 1313–1323, Özbek furnished the Genoese with extremely s ...

196 chapter four Özbek’s protégés showed themselves to be far bolder than expected, and took advantage in unforeseen ways of the ...

the golden horde and the black sea 197 the document of 1322 is unprecedented in Jochid diplomacy218 and has naturally attracted ...

198 chapter four successors, Janibek and Berdibek, also appreciated how useful this rivalry could be, and also blocked Genoa in ...

the golden horde and the black sea 199 Golden horde—thus demonstrating by contrast how wise khan Özbek’s Black Sea policy had be ...

200 chapter four for their claim to the old transcaucasian territories, there remained the problem of confronting the chobanids, ...

the golden horde and the black sea 201 travel to tabriz,235 and in 1346 we have the last recorded instance of the Venetian Senat ...

202 chapter four of the polity’s irreversible decline.238 the scourge of the plague introduced a new, acute haemorrhage into the ...

the golden horde and the black sea 203 entirely, Janibek decided to expel all Italian merchants from every part of the Black Sea ...

204 chapter four the siege began in 1343 and lasted, on and off, until at least 1346, in vain,249 but these repeated attempts do ...

the golden horde and the black sea 205 may have referred to the lack of legal status—if he troubled at all with such arguments b ...

206 chapter four far more harmful to their interests was the Genoese effort to bring all the trade of the Northern Black Sea coa ...

the golden horde and the black sea 207 principal Genoese claim against the Jochids, the independence of caffa.257 the two partie ...

208 chapter four although the caffans advanced practical arguments to justify such trade as necessary for their town’s survival, ...

the golden horde and the black sea 209 for all that the new treaty clearly shows the Genoese making sacrifices in order to maint ...