The Roman Empire. Economy, Society and Culture
102 THE ROMAN EMPIRE their existence at any signifi cant level. The argument might run as follows. Exploitation by the state in ...
THE LAND 103 Productivity At the basis of most discussions of the fate of the independent peasantry lies the assumption that pea ...
104 THE ROMAN EMPIRE existing economy, and in particular by the prevailing agricultural system. The effi ciency and productivity ...
THE LAND 105 strengthened Varro’s point. Moreover, there is no hint of tendentiousness about the passage, in contrast with that ...
106 THE ROMAN EMPIRE crisis caused by external competition. This led among other things to the conversion of a signifi cant amou ...
THE LAND 107 ten- fold (8.8–10.2:1). This is by no means a low yield, and in fact recalls the returns cited by Cicero from Leont ...
108 THE ROMAN EMPIRE production through the life cycle. Kehoe (1988b) examines the situation of the tenants farming the vast imp ...
7 Supplying the Roman empire Under the Principate, the Roman government was in a position to exploit the whole of the Mediterran ...
110 THE ROMAN EMPIRE 1 Rome’s subsistence requirement (food only) in wheat equivalent: 200,000 tonnes p.a. 2 Rome’s subsistence ...
SUPPLYING THE ROMAN EMPIRE 111 (perhaps twice the true fi gure), and the latter (Josephus, BJ 2.383,386) a ratio of 2:1 for nort ...
112 THE ROMAN EMPIRE in the amount of tax- and rent- grain, brought stability to the system of supply, and ensured that Rome wou ...
SUPPLYING THE ROMAN EMPIRE 113 storage, too, one can envisage a steady extension of state ownership and control at the expense o ...
114 THE ROMAN EMPIRE suppliers. But bulk suppliers were not necessarily contracted to the government, especially in the formativ ...
SUPPLYING THE ROMAN EMPIRE 115 judged either much too low or a little too high. They are the former if cavalry received twice as ...
116 THE ROMAN EMPIRE presence of a settled garrison frequently stimulated the growth of an ‘army’ of local producers and supplie ...
SUPPLYING THE ROMAN EMPIRE 117 occupation. But the balance tilted away from long- distance imports as suppliers closer to hand g ...
118 THE ROMAN EMPIRE and animals, or clothing, or horses. Distances covered were usually short (but an expedition set out from S ...
SUPPLYING THE ROMAN EMPIRE 119 shortage sold grain much more cheaply than the current price, and when the emperor’s army was pas ...
120 THE ROMAN EMPIRE First, providers of wheat for Rome. These were the main surplus- producing areas of the West, namely, north ...
SUPPLYING THE ROMAN EMPIRE 121 political and cultural leadership of the empire: in particular, the Iberian peninsula, the south ...
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