Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation

mented with the use of false perspectives. Peruzzi contin- ued in his attempts at illusionist architectural painting when he bec ...

Peter’s Pence An ecclesiastical tax, paid by English sub- jects to the papacy (“Peter”) from the eighth century. The financial b ...

Renaissance (Bergamo, Italy: Minerva italica, 1975); Mar- jorie O’Rourke Boyle, Petrarch’s Genius: Pentimento and Prophecy (Berk ...

duced two daughters. His heir, the ineffectual Philip III (1578–1621), was the only surviving son of his fourth marriage (1570–8 ...

tracted a marriage that was generally considered biga- mous. Charles V seized his moment to attack in 1546 and Philip had little ...

ample GUZMÁN DE ALFARACHE(1599, 1604) by Mateo ALEMÁN, the earliest, and El Buscón (The Rogue; written 1603–08, published 1626) ...

ployed to finish these works. According to VASARIhe was very highly regarded as a designer. He fled to Genoa after the Sack of R ...

enhanced as it shows her physically supporting the body, so mourning her dead son is a physical torment as well as a mental one. ...

proclaimed every 25 years from 1470 onwards, and its benefits were later expanded to cover churches and local shrines worldwide. ...

after lived as a soldier, pirate, and merchant, working from East Africa to Japan. In 21 years he was captured 13 times, enslave ...

other humanists, including CELTIS, ERASMUS, von HUTTEN, MELANCHTHON, and REUCHLIN. Pisa A city state on the River Arno in Tuscan ...

Further reading: Anita F. Moskowitz, The Sculpture of Andrea and Nino Pisano (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1986) ...

published in an abridged version under the title Memoirs of a Renaissance Pope: The Commentaries of Pius II (1960). Further read ...

and arranged, with Robert GRANJONamong the designers commissioned. Plantin was driven from Antwerp by the Spanish at- tack of 15 ...

The Platonic theory of Ideas, developed in the Republic, deals with the relationships between the unseen eternal world and the p ...

England contains much interesting detail, including seeing Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar at the Globe in London on September 21, 1 ...

official could turn this post into the basis for the acquisi- tion of permanent power. poesy (poesia) In art, a painting of a my ...

drawings and engravings such as Battle of the Nude Men (c. 1470) exemplify the link between art and research into nature that wa ...

the 1480s and 1490s he built fortresses in Ostia, Iesi, Osimo, and Senigallia. He also fortified the Santuario della Sta. Casa a ...

Galicia in the eighth century and from Coimbra in 1064 (by Ferdinand I of Castile), and by the 12th century the foundation of na ...