Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation

calling for a general council of the Church, maintaining that it could and should depose the pope. One of his dis- ciples unwise ...

Further reading: Anthony and Sue Grafton, Joseph Scaliger: A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship, 2 vols (Oxford, U.K. ...

counted as the last major luminary in the 16th-century Nuremberg school of sculptors. Schäufelein, Hans Leonhart (c. 1480–c. 153 ...

St. Martin, Colmar, the so-called Madonna in the Rose Bower (1473); this shows the attention with which Schon- gauer must have s ...

Greeks and Romans. Ancient texts about art became a source of inspiration and a touchstone against which to measure artistic ach ...

appeal of tableaux vivants (which also included Annunci- ation and Nativity scenes) in polychromed terracotta, wood, or wax, is ...

ber of notable portraits, including those of Pope Clement VII (1526; Capodimonte, Naples; see Plate XIV) and Car- dinal Pole (c. ...

He worked with his teacher, the Kapellmeister Heinrich ISAAC, in copying a large amount of music which was later published as pa ...

During the 17th century competition from Cádiz led to Seville’s decline. Seville’s religious history was troubled. It was a prim ...

the hard outlines and abrupt color transitions of Quattro- cento painters. Taking its name from the Italian word sfu- mare, mean ...

it contained 36 plays, of which only 19 had been printed during the playwright’s lifetime. Further reading: Jonathan Bate, The G ...

by the VISCONTIof Milan (1399–1404), but then resumed its communal constitution until the signoria of the Petrucci family (1487– ...

Sigüenza, Fray José de (c. 1544–1606) Spanish historian Named after his birthplace, Sigüenza was librarian of the ESCORIAL and l ...

switch readily between chest and head voice for such parts. It was in the second half of the 16th century that castrati (men who ...

SISTINE CHAPELbuilt, established the Sistine choir, com- missioned BOTTICELLIand POLLAIUOLO, and opened the Vatican Library to s ...

Sleidanus, Johannes (1505–1556) German religious historian He was born at Schleiden, near Aachen, and having stud- ied both law ...

Snell, Willebrord (1581–1626) Netherlands physicist and mathematician The son of Rudolf Snell (1546–1613), a mathematician at Le ...

Sorel, Agnès (c. 1422–1450) Mistress of Charles VII of France Agnès was born into a family of the lesser nobility in Touraine an ...

the inquisitors. Devoid of personal ambition, Torquemada imprinted his own austerity on the entire institution of the Inquisitio ...

remain under Moorish rule after 711). NEBRIJA’s Gramática (1492) was the earliest scientific grammar of any Euro- pean vernacula ...