Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation

makes plain. In it the goddess Folly, in a formal oration, addresses the multitude of her disciples and congratulates herself on ...

free will and responsibility and—in its extreme Calvinist form—to imply a God terrifyingly remote from human ideas of morality a ...

Castello just outside Florence. The picture shows the en- tourage of Venus, as conceived in Horace’s Odes and Ovid’s Fasti and e ...

Prince is included in A. H. Gilbert’s The Chief Works of Machiavelli (Durham, N.C., 1965). George Bull’s transla- tion was first ...

TRADEgrew alongside others, making use of the fairs al- ready in existence at Frankfurt and Lyons and supplying buyers all over ...

Prutenic Tables See ASTRONOMY psalmody The performance of psalms, one of the oldest musical traditions in Christian and Jewish w ...

Further reading: Liba Chaia Taub, Ptolemy’s Universe: The Natural, Philosophical, and Ethical Foundations of Ptolemy’s Universe ...

ing accounts of earlier English voyages that might other- wise have been lost. Puritans In England, those Protestant reformers w ...

quadrants Observational instruments consisting of a quarter circle, the curved edge of which is graduated from 0 °to 90°, and wh ...

(1414–19; Palazzo Pubblico, Siena). From 1417 to 1434 he worked on reliefs for the baptistery in Siena, on which DONATELLOand Gh ...

the first volume of Obras completas, ed. J. M. Blecua, ap- pearing in 1963. Further reading: George Mariscal, Contradictory Sub- ...

Rabelais, François (c. 1483–1553) French satirist, humanist, and physician The son of a wealthy lawyer, Rabelais was born near C ...

moral degeneracy. In The Masque of Blackness, performed before James I in 1605, blacked-up court ladies played the daughters of ...

ject, it drew attention to the merits of expansionism and the economic possibilities of America. From the late 1570s Raleigh had ...

and in 1551 Ramus was appointed professor of philoso- phy at the Collège Royal in Paris. Much of his later work was concerned wi ...

through personal contact with leading explorers and hu- manists of his day. This was published as the three-volume Delle navigat ...

where antique funerary motifs, expressed in architecture, sculpture, and painting, proclaimed the ascent of Chigi’s soul to heav ...

Reformation The movement for the reform of Western Christianity that led in the 16th century to its division into opposed Cathol ...

ical Anabaptist kingdom of Münster (1535). Anabaptism, however, proved extremely resilient, particularly in the Netherlands unde ...

the newly published COPERNICAN SYSTEM. He saw his im- mediate task as that of compiling a new set of tables, based on Copernican ...