A Concise History of the Middle East

166 • 10 EUROPEAN INTERESTS AND IMPERIALISM predominated in what is now northern Lebanon. In the seventh century, the Maronites ...

Conclusion • 167 troops, too, but failed to act at the critical moment) to quell a nationalist uprising in 1882. France's econom ...

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ELEVEN Westernizing Reform in the Nineteenth Century Europe's power rose so dramatically between the sixteenth and nineteenth ce ...

170 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY may resort to violent revolution, but most successful reforms are achieve ...

Egypt • 171 changes that occurred during his nap. Egypt made the fastest and most dra¬ matic transformation of any Middle Easter ...

172 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY themselves to be the most sincere friends of the Ottoman sultan and the e ...

Egypt • 173 Mehmet Ali and His Reforms The man who eventually filled that vacuum was a soldier of fortune named Mehmet Ali. He h ...

174 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY its ships, and munitions plants to turn out guns and bayonets. French ad¬ ...

Westernization of the Ottoman Empire ••• 175 from Western governments, banks, or investors. Few of his heirs matched this boast. ...

176 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Mahmud II An ill-fated attempt by Selim's successor to revive the nizam s ...

Westernization of the Ottoman Empire ••• 177 other schools were set up to teach European marching music and military sciences. A ...

178 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY took land east of the Black Sea. Ibrahim's advances into Syria were anoth ...

Westernization of the Ottoman Empire ••• 179 Mustafa Reshid Pasha B y the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire was obviously de ...

180 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The Tanzimat was not a total success. Some Ottoman leaders lost the power ...

Persia Under the Qajars • 181 pushing into the Caucasus region and into such Central Asian lands as Transoxiana, Khwarizm, and K ...

182 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY manufacturing. The shah began selling these monopolies as concessions to ...

Some Afterthoughts • 183 to 1879, was as ambitious a reformer as his illustrious ancestor. During his reign, parts of Alexandria ...

184 • 11 WESTERNIZING REFORM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY handsomely—to run Persia's mines, banks, railroads, and public utilities. ...

TWELVE The Rise of Nationalism Among the ideas that the Middle East has imported from the West, none has been more popular and d ...