A Concise History of the Middle East

206 • 13 THE ROOTS OF ARAB BITTERNESS loyalty to the empire. But we must pin down the time, the place, and the sect before we ca ...

Arab Nationalism • 207 ing. Some became scholars and writers. Before long they were leading the Arabic literary revival, which t ...

208 • 13 THE ROOTS OF ARAB BITTERNESS were not Arabs, let alone members of the Quraysh tribe. Actually, they had seldom used the ...

World War I • 209 But how could they react? Not since Muhammad's day had large num¬ bers of Arabic-speaking peoples mobilized po ...

210 • 13 THE ROOTS OF ARAB BITTERNESS by their exposure to German military advisers, but their main motives were to regain Egypt ...

World War I • 211 During the nineteenth century, however, the Ottoman government had tried to strengthen its direct rule over th ...

212 • 13 THE ROOTS OF ARAB BITTERNESS Britain did, however, exclude some parts, such as the port areas of Mersin and Alexandrett ...

World War I • 213 The Arab Revolt On 5 June 1916 Husayn declared the Arabs independent and unfurled the standard of their revolt ...

214 • 13 THE ROOTS OF ARAB BITTERNESS Faysal ibn al Husayn F aysal (1883-1933) was the third son of Husayn ibn Ali, sharif and a ...

World War I 215 Samsun. BLACK SEA ..Sivas CASPIAN SEA Mersin EGYPT OTTOMAN EMPIRE BLUE, ZONE ^Adana ^AlexaVidretta # Aleppo MEDI ...

216 • 13 THE ROOTS OF ARAB BITTERNESS learned about the agreement from Turkish agents trying to draw him out of the war and, ind ...

The Postwar Peace Settlement ••• 217 Allies to build the peace once the war was won. He denounced secret treaties, urged self-de ...

218 • 13 THE ROOTS OF ARAB BITTERNESS League of Nations. He suffered a paralytic stroke before he could read the commissioners' ...

The Postwar Peace Settlement • 219 RU BLACK c _ .Istanbul ^1 •-•A .Samsun fr 'a lp° ' .Ankara <Slvas ,;.Smyrna TURKEY f^Z~ t ...

220 • 13 THE ROOTS OF ARAB BITTERNESS shaykhs to speed Iraq toward independence. Ironically, Iraq, once among the poorest areas ...

Conclusion and Summary ••• 221 the Arabs wanted to rule themselves. Instead of coming together, the Arabs found themselves being ...

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FOURTEEN Modernizing Rulers in the Independent States In the last four chapters we have written about Middle Eastern peoples and ...

224 • 14 MODERNIZING RULERS IN THE INDEPENDENT STATES British and Bolshevik attempts to take over Persia, reorganized the countr ...

Turkey: Phoenix from the Ashes • 225 Many Armenians resisted deportation from their ancestral farms and pas¬ tures, villages and ...