A Concise History of the Middle East

246 • 14 MODERNIZING RULERS IN THE INDEPENDENT STATES Five years of exploration and drilling ensued before the Americans struck ...

The Rise of Saudi Arabia • 247 habis forced all Saudi Muslims to pray five times a day, going from house to house to ensure comp ...

248 • 14 MODERNIZING RULERS IN THE INDEPENDENT STATES managed to run up a $300-million debt, despite his government's rising inc ...

Conclusion • 249 rule, but his puritanical values could not cope with the innovations that flooded his country because of the oi ...

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FIFTEEN Egypt's Struggle for Independence For more than a century, Egypt has loomed large in any discussion of Middle East polit ...

252 • 15 EGYPT'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE Britain. By rights, Egypt was an autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire from 1841 ...

Britain's Role in Egypt • 253 from time to time, but would always make up in the end. Well, they eventu¬ ally did get a divorce, ...

254 • 15 EGYPT'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE World War I The quality of British administration in Egypt, superb up to 1914, declin ...

Britain's Role in Egypt • 255 The 1919 Revolution No Englishman foresaw a revival of Egyptian nationalism after the war. The Nat ...

256 • 15 EGYPT'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE Egypt's independence. Wingate counseled patience but agreed to wire home for instruct ...

Britain's Role in Egypt • 257 British Efforts at a Solution Concerned about the ongoing unrest in Egypt, the British government ...

258 • 15 EGYPT'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE imperial communications in Egypt, (2) Egypt's defense against foreign ag¬ gression, ( ...

Britain's Role in Egypt • 259 The Power Triangle As the battle lines were drawn, three sides, not two, emerged. The following de ...

260 • 15 EGYPT'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE Arab-Muslim heritage. Later, when Taha Husayn wrote that Egypt's cultural heritage wa ...

Britain's Role in Egypt ••• 261 King Faruq F aruq (1920-1965) was modern Egypt's second and last king. He was born in Cairo, the ...

262 • 15 EGYPT'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE form a rival party. Meanwhile, the government was doing little to solve Egypt's press ...

The Egyptian Revolution ••• 263 cabinet to the next (most of them coalitions of independent or minor- party politicians) as the ...

264 • 15 EGYPT'S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE oppressor. Second, the prestige of the Western democracies rose following their decis ...

The Egyptian Revolution ••• 265 valued their strategic position and continued to build up their base in the Canal Zone. Meanwhil ...