Atlas of Hispanic-American History

distrusted Cortés from the beginning but failed to destroy him when he had the chance. While Cortés was still at Veracruz, Monte ...

prisoner and forced him to take up resi- dence in the Spanish headquarters. He required Montezuma to swear allegiance to the Spa ...

carry out. More than 400 Spanish died, along with thousands of their Native American allies, and many horses and weapons were lo ...

pox. This one had killed the Inca emper- or Huayna Capac in 1525, opening the door to a power struggle between two of his sons, ...

of Ecuador and Colombia. At the moment Pizarro arrived, Atahualpa had just defeated and captured his half-broth- er Huáscar in a ...

simple reward of dying in bed. In 1537 a civil war broke out between him and his longtime partner in conquest, Diego de Almagro. ...

Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador under Spanish control in the 1520s and 1530s, ruthlessly suppressing determined Native Amer ...

To the east of Chile, the estuary Río de la Plata, or “River of the Silver,” which lies on the southeast coast of South America ...

42 ATLAS OF HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY The Rise of Latin America’s Mestizo Population ...

mita. In the 17th century, this system gradually declined in importance com- pared with free wage labor, in which hacendados, ow ...

American or African heritage. As many as 46 other racial gradations were recog- nized. For example, one whose parents were an Af ...

church owned a great deal of property— with lands in which the missionaries worked intensively to Christianize the Native Americ ...

Spanish Florida Florida’s European discoverer was Juan Ponce de León (1460–1521), who trav- eled with Columbus on his second voy ...

were skilled fighters. Even so, Hernando de Soto (ca. 1500–1542) came to Florida in 1539, searching for gold. His expedi- tion ( ...

Charlesfort, and all but one of the ill-fated colonists set sail to return to Europe. (During their voyage in an open boat, fail ...

Upon discovering the Frenchmen, Menéndez then executed Ribault and sev- eral hundred Frenchmen as religious heretics at a place ...

In the 17th century, Spanish Franciscan priests converted most of the Timucua and Apalachee peoples of northern Florida to Chris ...

the French to the west, Spanish Florida was in an unfavorable position by the mid-18th century. Pirates of the Caribbean The pow ...

buccaneering and privateering was often vague, with the British and French only too happy to see their enemy Spain harassed, eve ...

beyond the eastern edge of the Caribbean, foreign powers carved out colonies on the northern coast of South America, colonies th ...