Child Development

rics at Yale University. He is survived by his wife, their three daughters, triplet sons (‘‘six spectacular chil- dren’’), and n ...

principles that may be more important than the rules of a particular country or group. Clearly Kohlberg was influenced by his ow ...

L LAISSEZ-FAIRE PARENTS Laissez-faire is a French term meaning ‘‘to let people do as they please.’’ Applied to parenting, the te ...

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Mike (age five years, discussing the game of base- ball): Mom, did you know that baseball games need a vamp ...

fuzzy line between recognizable sounds and first words. By way of example, ‘‘mama’’ and ‘‘papa’’ will be among the early sounds ...

in the last months of pregnancy than to a new poem. They even show some recognition of their own moth- er’s voice. Further, it i ...

‘‘bot. ‘‘Notice that the ‘‘p’’ and the ‘‘b’’ are both sounds made with closed lips. Thus, they are easily confused. Or children ...

the many other sounds that come out of the mouth— sneezes, coughs, and burps do not name objects. In word learning, children mus ...

After school, many children come home to an unsupervised environment while their parents are still at work. Studies have shown t ...

reported high levels of fear. Peter Mulhall reported that middle school and junior high school students who were home alone afte ...

Messer, Stephen C., Karl L. Wuensch, and John M. Diamond. ‘‘Former Latchkey Children: Personality and Academic Cor- relates.’’ J ...

pairing a previously neutral stimulus, such as the sound of a cabinet being opened, with a stimulus that generates an automatic ...

Thus, classical or respondent conditioning is a purely behavioral type of learning. Animals or people conditioned in this manner ...

The schedule of reinforcement also plays a criti- cal role in affecting response rates. There are two types of reinforcement sch ...

Developmental toys and games such as ‘‘Memory’’ are invaluable to a child’s learning process. (Robert J. Huffman, Field Mark Pub ...

Observational learning is often used in therapeu- tic settings. People can be trained in assertiveness through observation of an ...

Definition of Learning Disabilities Despite federal regulations, the definition of learning disabilities is controversial. The U ...

Learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, can be caused by premature birth or asphyxia at a younger age. In other cases, the dire ...

Outcomes Learning disabilities do not disappear; rather, students compensate and learn bypass strategies, al- lowing for academi ...

John Locke (1632–1704) was a proponent of home schooling and private tutoring rather than the strict regimen that most adolescen ...