A History of the World From the 20th to the 21st Century

the absence of an early second front. In January 1943 Britain’s and America’s military effort on land did not compare with that ...

be a rapid success and entailed some of the heav- iest fighting of the war. But Hitler’s decision to defend Italy and so keep th ...

October 1939 frontiers January 1938 frontiers Russian–German partition of Poland, September 1939 NORTH SEA NORWAY FRANCE SPAIN A ...

all the more strongly his rights and those of France. The disparity between the reality of the French position and de Gaulle’s b ...

was won. A division of Europe was emerging between the Soviet-controlled territory of eastern, central and south-eastern Europe ...

Soviet–American understanding founded on trust. He regarded Churchill’s ‘Victorian’ imperi- alism and his lifelong anti-communis ...

to develop between the communist-led Moscow Czechs and the London Western-oriented Czechs and accepted Soviet conditions and los ...

and self-government to those peoples who had been forcibly deprived of them by the aggressor nations. Interim governments repres ...

Churchill’s conscience was troubled by the Yalta agreement, which had once again partitioned a brave wartime ally, Poland. The s ...

In March 1945 the American and British armies crossed the Rhine. During April they passed well beyond the military demarcation z ...

With Goebbels and Bormann at his side, he issued streams of orders from his underground headquar- ters in Berlin. But his orders ...

France and China – could veto any action; the dispute was about whether the veto also applied to a discussion, an examination or ...

this success in talking to Stalin, without specific- ally mentioning that an atomic bomb would soon be dropped on Hiroshima. Sta ...

isfied with a formula that left each of the occupy- ing powers to take reparations from its own zone. The reparation claims of P ...

ATLANTIC OCEAN NORTH SEA London Dublin Paris Rome Former German territory Post-1945 frontiers Oslo Helsinki Stockholm Copenhagen ...

Austrian guards in concentration camps had not behaved with any less bestiality in the SS than their German counterparts, nor ca ...

1945 even the military accepted that it was worth taking the initiative to explore what kind of peace terms the Allies might put ...

Ever since the horror of Hiroshima the debate has raged whether a weapon so indiscriminate in its mass destruction of human life ...

...

1 Part VI POST-WAR EUROPE, 1945–7 ...