A History of the World From the 20th to the 21st Century

Victorious British armies had shared with the Americans the reconquest of Italy, France and Germany in arduous campaigns from th ...

Delhi as the last viceroy to India on 22 March On 14 and 15 August India and Pakistan gained their independence. Partition had ...

careless of the poverty of the masses? It was this deep distrust of the Conservative Party, regarded by Labour supporters as the ...

commercial banks or the insurance companies. The coal mines, civil aviation, the railways, and gas and electricity production we ...

up of contributions from each member country in gold and currencies in proportion to the strength of its economy. The US supplie ...

over, and with Congress unlikely to agree to fund the arrangement in peacetime, Truman abruptly ended Lend-Lease. Something had ...

top of an act of God, a terrible winter of heavy snowfall and ice. Coal was running out, unem- ployment temporarily soared, and ...

Bevin’s main worry was that the US would carry out its stated intention of completely with- drawing its military forces from Eur ...

interests in the Arab Middle East. In any case, why should Britain alone be made responsible for the creation of a Jewish state ...

end of March. Militarily the British actually con- tinued to support the royalist government until the communists were defeated ...

The Nazi victories in Europe cast a long shadow over all the countries the Germans occupied. For none is this more true than for ...

the discredited 80-year-old Marshal Pétain. With the help of the BBC, de Gaulle had projected the myth of an unconquerable Franc ...

killed. Regularly constituted law courts passed 7,037 sentences of death, but most received the presidential pardon and only 767 ...

able to exercise sovereign power. Meanwhile, in the Constituent Assembly the communists at- tempted to gain the agreement of the ...

coal production fell. Prices doubled. Workers whose real wages were rapidly diminishing came out on strike, needing little encou ...

The plans produced by his Commission, the Commissariat Général du Plan, were not direc- tives, but targets and guides showing ho ...

economic and political collaboration in Western Europe. In June 1947, General George Marshall, the American secretary of state, ...

Nazi Germany’s principal ally during the Second World War was Benito Mussolini’s fascist Italy. There had been much destruction, ...

Most importantly, the Italians themselves had overthrown Mussolini when the Fascist Grand Council and the king had dismissed hi ...

bined with the call that all Italians should unite to defeat fascism and the Germans. Togliatti’s aims were long-term, to rally ...