Destiny Disrupted

196 DESTINY DISRUPTED The Three Islamic Empires of the Seventeenth Century Turkish and so were many of the Qizilbash.) Throughou ...

REBIRTH 197 would have found society divided to a greater or lesser extent into public and private realms, and women would have ...

198 DESTINY DISRUPTED In 1600, in fact, ordinary folks anywhere in this world would have as- sumed that the Muslim empires and t ...

II ~ Meanwhile 1n Europe 689-1008AH 1291-1600 CE T HE LAST CRUSADERS fled the Islamic world in 1291, driven OUt by Egypt's mamlu ...

200 DESTINY DISRUPTED The crusading spirit persisted in part because over the course of the real crusades, a new motivation had ...

~North ·~ Sea Atlantic Ocean MEANWHILE IN EUROPE Indian Ocean The European Quest for a Sea Route to the Indies 201 But it wasn't ...

202 DESTINY DISRUPTED Many of the new souls his sailors found were living in black-skinned bodies and had commercial value as sl ...

MEANWHILE IN EUROPE 203 By the fourteenth century CE, the Genovese and the Venetians were competing for the Mediterranean trade ...

204 DESTINY DISRUPTED serving as a vehicle for discussion and thought.^3 Nonetheless, their rever- ence for books as artifacts m ...

MEANWHILE IN EUROPE 205 ology, philosophy, medicine, or law. Today, of course, the baccalaureate is the degree one gets for grad ...

206 DESTINY DISRUPTED existence. Politically, the continent fragmented into small realms ruled, es- sentially, by warlords. In t ...

MEANWHILE IN EUROPE 207 Wycliffe went further. He suggested that clerics should all be poor, like the apostles, and that land sh ...

208 DESTINY DISRUPTED In fact, the conviction gripped Luther that salvation could not be earned, like a pension. It was a gift, ...

MEANWHILE IN EUROPE 209 each with its own idiosyncratic creed; but generally they had four tenets in common: Salvation could be ...

210 DESTINY DISRUPTED Probably none of the reformers thought they were encouraging people to think outside the box on matters of ...

MEANWHILE IN EUROPE 211 Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes, for example, overturned the Aris- totelian method of inquiry and elabo ...

212 DESTINY DISRUPTED elaborated the atomic view of matter, which they took from Indian scien- tists, and some had elaborated th ...

MEANWHILE IN EUROPE 213 to 1453. It wasn't actually one continuous war, of course, but a series of campaigns interrupted by peri ...

214 DESTINY DISRUPTED people who controlled money could organize large impersonal forces for war and eventually for work too. On ...

MEANWHILE IN EUROPE 215 actor on the historical stage, and just as the synergy between individualism and resurgent classical lea ...