Modern Spanish Grammar: A Practical Guide

un libro cualquiera‘any book at all’, ‘a book like any other’ (c) As a pronoun the full form is always used: cualquiera de usted ...

14 Adverbs 14.1 Formation of adverbs in -mente Many adverbs are formed from the feminine form of an adjective by adding the endi ...

Volvió penitente. He/she came back penitently. Triste, cerró la puerta. He/she closed the door sadly. Paraphrases such as de for ...

15 Negation
^32 (p. 191) 15.1No No is the most widely-used Spanish negative: No sé cuántos tienen. I don’t know how many they’ ...

15.3 Expressions requiring a negative A number of other expressions require a negative element to follow them. sin+ infinitive, ...

16 Verb forms Section 16.1 gives an overall picture of Spanish verb forms. See the verb table in the Appendix to check on the fo ...

(b) Imperfect NOTE The -er and -ir conjugations are identical. (c) Preterite NOTE The -er and -ir conjugations are identical. Th ...

16.1.1.3 The subjunctive tenses (a) Present subjunctive NOTE The present subjunctive is formed from the first person singular of ...

16.1.1.5 Gerund NOTE The gerund is formed by adding the endings in italics to the present stem. The -er and -ir conjugations are ...

hemos hemos cantado habéis habéis cantado han han cantado Imperfect of haber Pluperfect of cantar había había cantado habías hab ...

Past (imperfect) subjunctive Pluperfect subjunctive of of haber cantar -ra forms: hubiera hubiera cantado hubieras hubieras cant ...

cerramos recordamos cerráis recordáis cierran recuerdan (b) Present subjunctive cierre recuerde cierres (cerrés) recuerdes (reco ...

See also adquirir‘to acquire’ and jugar‘to play’ in the verb table in the Appendix. 16.1.2.2 Orthographic-changing verbs Some ve ...

Some verbs ending in -iar and -uar form their present tenses with an unstressed -io, -uo ending and are essentially regular (exa ...

A number of common verbs have irregular present indicative first person forms which also form the basis of the present subjuncti ...

Note that in the majority of these verbs the first and third person singular endings are not stressed. In all cases, the past su ...

16.1.2.8 Irregular imperatives 16.1.2.9 Ser and ir Ser and ir are so irregular that they must be given special attention. Ser‘to ...

(f) Past (imperfect) subjunctive Regular (fuera, etc; fuese, Regular (fuera, etc; fuese, etc.) etc.) NOTE Ser and ir have the sa ...

17 Use of the verb forms 17.1 Present
^71 (p. 399) 17.1.1 Reference to present time (a) States of affairs in or including the ...

17.1.2 Reference to future time
^72 (p. 408) A fixed event, something which has been pre-arranged (especially with verbs of mo ...