"Introduction". In: Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

422 CHAPTER 9. SOLITON SYSTEMS (a) (b) Figure 9.11: Evolution of loss-managed solitons over 10,000 km for (a)LD=200 km and (b) 2 ...

9.3. LOSS-MANAGED SOLITONS 423 The advantage of distributed amplification can be seen from Eq. (9.3.7), which can be written in ...

424 CHAPTER 9. SOLITON SYSTEMS 0 1020304050 Distance (km) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Normalized Energy Figure 9.12: Variations ...

9.3. LOSS-MANAGED SOLITONS 425 where the TOD parameterδ 3 and the Raman parameterτRare defined as δ=β 3 /( 6 |β 2 |T 0 ), τR=TR/ ...

426 CHAPTER 9. SOLITON SYSTEMS Figure 9.13: Setup used for soliton transmission in a 1990 experiment. Two EDFAs after the LiNbO ...

9.4. DISPERSION-MANAGED SOLITONS 427 Figure 9.14: Recirculating-loop configuration used in a 1991 experiment for transmitting so ...

428 CHAPTER 9. SOLITON SYSTEMS wherev=u/ √ p,d(ξ)=β 2 (ξ)/β 2 ( 0 ), andp(ξ)takes into account peak-power vari- ations introduce ...

9.4. DISPERSION-MANAGED SOLITONS 429 deviations are minimized in each section [80]. In another approach, fibers of different GVD ...

430 CHAPTER 9. SOLITON SYSTEMS Numerical solutions, although essential, do not lead to much physical insight. Sev- eral techniqu ...

9.4. DISPERSION-MANAGED SOLITONS 431 Input energy (pJ) 0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 Pulse width (ps) 0 5 10 15 20 Input energy (pJ) 0 ...

432 CHAPTER 9. SOLITON SYSTEMS Distance (km) 012345678910 Pulse width (ps) -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Chirp -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Distance (k ...

9.4. DISPERSION-MANAGED SOLITONS 433 period when the nonlinear length is much larger than the local dispersion length, we averag ...

434 CHAPTER 9. SOLITON SYSTEMS considerably larger in the anomalous-GVD section compared with the normal-GVD section. Noting tha ...

9.5. IMPACT OF AMPLIFIER NOISE 435 transmission over 1000 km. Longer transmission distances were realized using a re- circulatin ...

436 CHAPTER 9. SOLITON SYSTEMS Fiber losses do not appear in Eq. (9.5.3) because of the transformationB=A/ √ pmade in deriving E ...

9.5. IMPACT OF AMPLIFIER NOISE 437 the same for all amplifiers because ASE in any two amplifiers is not correlated (the subscrip ...

438 CHAPTER 9. SOLITON SYSTEMS whereEfis the output energy andE 0 is the input energy of the pulse. The energy variance is calcu ...

9.5. IMPACT OF AMPLIFIER NOISE 439 Notice thatT 0 is also equal toTmfor standard solitons which remain unchirped during propagat ...

440 CHAPTER 9. SOLITON SYSTEMS 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2 4 6 8 Distance (km) DM Soliton Standard Soliton Timing jitter (ps) Figu ...

9.5. IMPACT OF AMPLIFIER NOISE 441 [D=±4 ps/(km-nm)]. Optical amplifiers withnsp= 1 .3 (noise figure 4.1 dB) are placed every 80 ...