"Introduction". In: Fiber-Optic Communication Systems
22 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION [42] G. Lachs,Fiber Optic Communications: Systems Analysis and Enhancements, McGraw- Hill, New York, ...
Chapter 2 Optical Fibers The phenomenon oftotal internal reflection, responsible for guiding of light in opti- cal fibers, has b ...
24 CHAPTER 2. OPTICAL FIBERS Figure 2.1: Cross section and refractive-index profile for step-index and graded-index fibers. prop ...
2.1. GEOMETRICAL-OPTICS DESCRIPTION 25 Figure 2.2: Light confinement through total internal reflection in step-index fibers. Ray ...
26 CHAPTER 2. OPTICAL FIBERS such as the pulse shape, it is clear intuitively that∆Tshould be less than the allocated bit slot ( ...
2.1. GEOMETRICAL-OPTICS DESCRIPTION 27 Figure 2.3: Ray trajectories in a graded-index fiber. Geometrical optics can be used to s ...
28 CHAPTER 2. OPTICAL FIBERS Figure 2.4: Variation of intermodal dispersion∆T/Lwith the profile parameterαfor a graded- index fi ...
2.2. WAVE PROPAGATION 29 2.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations Like all electromagnetic phenomena, propagation of optical fields in fibers i ...
30 CHAPTER 2. OPTICAL FIBERS where the speed of light in vacuum is defined as usual byc=(μ 0 ε 0 )−^1 /^2. By introduc- ing the ...
2.2. WAVE PROPAGATION 31 2.2.2 Fiber Modes The concept of the mode is a general concept in optics occurring also, for example, i ...
32 CHAPTER 2. OPTICAL FIBERS whereA,A′,C, andC′are constants andJm,Ym,Km, andImare different kinds of Bessel functions [32]. The ...
2.2. WAVE PROPAGATION 33 where a prime indicates differentiation with respect to the argument. For a given set of the parameters ...
34 CHAPTER 2. OPTICAL FIBERS Figure 2.5: Normalized propagation constantbas a function of normalized frequencyVfor a few low-ord ...
2.2. WAVE PROPAGATION 35 We can use Eq. (2.2.35) to estimate the core radius of single-mode fibers used in lightwave systems. Fo ...
36 CHAPTER 2. OPTICAL FIBERS Figure 2.6: State of polarization in a birefringent fiber over one beat length. Input beam is linea ...
2.3. DISPERSION IN SINGLE-MODE FIBERS 37 Figure 2.7: (a) Normalized spot sizew/aas a function of theVparameter obtained by fitti ...
38 CHAPTER 2. OPTICAL FIBERS description, such broadening was attributed to different paths followed by different rays. In the m ...
2.3. DISPERSION IN SINGLE-MODE FIBERS 39 The effect of dispersion on the bit rateBcan be estimated by using the criterion B∆T< ...
40 CHAPTER 2. OPTICAL FIBERS Figure 2.8: Variation of refractive indexnand group indexngwith wavelength for fused silica. whereω ...
2.3. DISPERSION IN SINGLE-MODE FIBERS 41 Figure 2.9: Variation ofband its derivativesd(Vb)/dVandV[d^2 (Vb)/dV^2 ]with theVparam- ...
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