Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

ii) A Mec Markovnikov product: hanism for the Reaction Addition of a Hydrogen Halide an Alkene Step 1 CC H X CC H + slow + The π ...

Figure 8.1 Free-energy diagram for the addition of HX to an alkene. The free energy of activation for step 1 is much larger than ...

CH 3 CH CH 2 X HBr slow CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 1 o + Br− CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Br 1-Bromopropane (little formed) CH 3 CHCH 3 Br + − CH^3 CHCH^3 ...

2) The transition state resembles the less stable 1° carbocation ⇒ the reaction leading to the 1° carbocation (and ultimately to ...

8.2C MODERN STATEMENT OF MARKOVNIKOV’S RULE: metrical reagent to a double bond, the positive ing reagent attac es itself to a ca ...

8.3 STEREOCHEMISTRY OF THE IONIC ADDITION TO AN ALKENE The addition of HX to 1-butene leads to the formation of 2-halobutane: ...

When alkenes are treated with cold concentrated sulfuric acid, they dissolve T dition of HX: 1 n c 2) In the second step, the c ...

hydrolysis is the Markovnikov addition of H– and –OH. 8.5 ADDITION OF WATER TO ALKENES: ACID-CATALYZED HYDRATION The acid-catal ...

A Me chanism for the Reaction Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of an Alkene Step 1 C CH 2 CH 3 H 3 C HO H H + ow H 3 CC H 2 C CH 3 H H + ...

very slow H^3 CC CH 3 CH 2 + H + H C CH 2 OH CH 3 H 3 C HO H H + For all practiacl purp reaction does not tak because it produce ...

8.6 A F BROMINE AND CHLORINE TO ALKENES 1 fo DDITION O . Alkenes react rapidly with chlorine and bromine in non-nucleophilic sol ...

through a radical mechanism) An Ionic Mechanism for the Reaction Addition of Bromine to an Alkene Step 1 CC CC Br + Br − Br Br δ ...

CC Brδ Br + δ− C Br + Br − + + CC Br+ Br − Bromonium ion onium ion a positively charged bromine atom is bonded to two carbon ato ...

the carbon being attacked which leads to the formation of one enantiomer of trans-1,2-dibromocyclopentane. 4) Attack of the brom ...

Br 2 3 Br − 6 1 2 at C 1 Bromonium ion Br+ 123 inversion Cyclohexene Br Br Diaxia formation Diequatorial conformation rans-1,2-D ...

MeH CCMeH C H Br Me H C Br Me Br − CC Br MeH MeH Me C Br H C Me Br H CC Br MeH HMe anti-addition + trans-2-butene + Br Br When ...

A Stereochemistry of the Reaction Addition of Bromine to cis- and trans-2-Butene cis-2-Butene reacts with bromine to yield the e ...

8.8 HALOHYDRIN FORMATION Cl 4 ), the major product is a halohydrin (halo alcohol). When an alkene is reacted bromine in aqueous ...

reaction. If the alkene is unsymmetrical, the halogen ends up on the carbon atom with the 1) trical. i) The more highly substi ...

propene, and 2-methylpropene: Red indicates relatively negative areas and blue indicates relatively positive (or less negative) ...