Advices For Studying Organic Chemistry

The first step is highly endothermic and has high free energy of activation. It involves heterolytic cleavage of the C–Cl bond ...

6.12 CARBOCATIONS In 1962, George A. Olah (Nobel Laureate in chemistry in 1994; now at the University of Southern California) a ...

1) A charged system is stabilized when the charge is dispersed or delocalized. 2) Alkyl groups, when compared to hydrogen atoms, ...

Figure 6.10 Electrostatic potential maps for (a) tert-butyl (3°), (b) isopropyl (2°), (c) ethyl (1°), and (d) methyl carbocation ...

be converted to an achiral intermediate. Heating optically active (S)-3-bromo-3-methylhexane with aqueous acetone results in th ...

Cl (CH 2 ) 3 CH(CH 3 ) 2 H 3 CC^2 H^5 HCl H 2 O + C 2 H 5 OH 60% S (inversion) 40% R (retention) (R)-6-Chloro- 2,6-dimethyloctan ...

Step 1 (H 3 C) 3 C Cl slow (CH 3 ) 3 C+ + Cl − Step 2 (CH 3 ) 3 C+ + HOCH O OCH O+ fas H OC+ H O t H C(CH 3 ) 3 C(CH 3 ) 3 Step ...

Substituent Compound Relative Rate Methyl CH 3 X 30 1° CH 3 CH 2 X 1 2° (CH 3 ) 2 CHX 0.02 Neopentyl (CH 3 ) 3 CCH 2 X 0.00001 3 ...

Figure 6.11 Steric effects in the SN2 reaction. CH 3 –Br CH 3 CH 2 –Br (CH 3 ) 2 CH–Br (CH 3 ) 3 CCH 2 –Br (CH 3 ) 3 C–Br SN1 R ...

ii) Allylic halides and benzylic halides: A primary allylic or benzylic carbocation is approximately as stable as a secondary al ...

4) The stability order of carbocations is exactly the order of SN1 reactivity for alkyl halides and tosylates. 5) The order of s ...

Figure 6.12 Energy diagrams for highly exergonic and highly endergonic steps of reactions. 7) The transition state of the first ...

6.14B THE EFFECT OF THE CONCENTRATION AND STRENGTH OF THE NUCLEOPHILE Neither the concentration nor the structure of the nucleo ...

i) A negatively charged nucleophile is always a more reactive nucleophile than its conjugate acid ⇒ HO– is a better nucleophile ...

1) The solvent molecule has a hydrogen atom attached to an atom of a strongly electronegative element. 2) In protic solvents, th ...

(DMF) (DMSO) (DMA) (HMPA) 1) Polar aprotic solvents dissolve ionic compounds, and they solvate cations very well. Na OH 2 H 2 O ...

Relative reactivity 200,000 5,000 2,800 1,300 6.6 1 6.14D SOLVENT EFFECTS ON SN 1 REACTIONS: THE IONIZING ABILITY OF THE SOLVENT ...

Table 6.5 Dielectric Constants of Some Common Solvents Name Structure Dielectric constant, ε APROTIC (NONHYDROXYLIC) SOLVENTS He ...

Table 6C Relative rates for the reaction of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane with different solvents Solvent Relative rate Ethanol 1 Ace ...

the transition state (lowers its free energy) ⇒ lowers the free energy of activation ⇒ increases the rate of the reaction. Rela ...