Organic Chemistry
Unit 11:Ketones and aldehydes 86.3.3 Ozonolysis of alkenes It is a reaction in which the double bond is completely broken and th ...
Keto-enol tautomerism Figure 182 The reaction mechanism of ozonolysis. 86.3.4 Hydration of alkynes Water is added to an alkyne i ...
Unit 11:Ketones and aldehydes It must be stressed that theketo and theenolforms are two distinct compounds, not isomers. They ar ...
Inductive Effect and Greek letter assignment presence of an aldehyde in a sample compound: an aldehyde will become a carboxylic ...
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87 Unit 12: Carboxylic acids A carboxylic acid is characterized by the presence of thecarboxyl group-COOH. The chemi- cal reacti ...
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88 Preparation from alkenes R-CH=CHR + KMnO4 + OH- + Heat----> 2RCOOH from ROH RCH2OH + OXIDIZING AGENT ----> RCOOH Al ...
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89 Properties 89.1 Nomenclature. The systematic IUPAC nomenclature for carboxylic acids requires the longest carbon chain of the ...
Properties Acidity of carboxylic acids in water acid formula pKa ethanoic acid CH 3 -COOH 4.75 propanoic acid CH 3 CH 2 -COOH 4. ...
90 Reactions 90.1 Acid Chloride Formation Carboxylic acids are converted to acid chlorides by a range of reagents: SOCl 2 , PCl ...
Reactions Alternatively, the reflux is done with aqueous alkali. The salt of the carboxylic acid is produced. This latter proces ...
Polyester 90.7 Polyester Polyester can be made by reacting a diol (ethane-1,2-diol) with a dicarboxylic acids (benzene-1,4-dicar ...
Reactions Figure 185 ---- ...
91 Unit 13: Carboxylic acid derivatives The carboxyl group (abbreviated -CO 2 H or -COOH) is one of the most widely occurring fu ...
Unit 13:Carboxylic acid derivatives EXAMPLE: CH 3 COOH =acetic acid CH 3 COBr =acetyl bromide 91.2.3 Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides ...
Structure and Reactivity 91.2.6 Nitriles Nitriles (RCN) can be viewed a nitrogen analogue of a carbonyl and are known for their ...
Unit 13:Carboxylic acid derivatives 91.4 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 91.4.1 Carboxylic Acids As acids: ...
Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives R-COCl + R'COO-----> R-CO-O-COR’ + Cl- Conversion to esters: R-COCl + R ...
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