Organic Chemistry

Unit 13:Carboxylic acid derivatives Conversion to aryl ketones (Friedel-Crafts acylation): (R-CO) 2 -O + C 6 H 6 --- AlCl 3 C ...

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Dehydration (conversion to nitriles): R-CONH 2 --- P 4 O 10 , heat, (-H 2 ...

...

92 Unit 14: Analytical techniques ...

...

93 Elemental analysis Elemental analysisis the process for determining the partial or complete chemical formula for a substance. ...

Elemental analysis a) In the absence of N or S: The filtrate is exposed to dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate. Formation of a ...

94 Chromatography Chromatographyinvolves the physical separation of a mixture of compounds. Chro- matography can be used as a pu ...

...

95 Theory There are many variations of chromatography, but all involve the dissolution of an analyte into a fluid known as themo ...

...

96 Paper chromatography Inpaper chromatographythe stationary phase is a specialized paper made to absorb water to a high level. ...

Paper chromatography Figure 186 Paper chromatography separation in the visible spectrum. ...

97 Thin layer chromatography Inthin layer chromatography(TLC) a plastic or glass plate is coated with the stationary phase, ofte ...

...

98 Gas chromatography Ingas chromatography(GC) the analyte and mobile phase must both be gases or be readily introduced into the ...

...

99 Column chromatography Column chromatography, like gas chromatography, uses a tube packed with a stationary phase, but the mob ...

...

100 Detection methods The root of the wordchromatography,chroma(Greekkhrōma, color) and grafein is ”to write”, indicates that th ...