Organic Chemistry
Rates and equilibria Figure 213 Influence of temperature and pressure k=k 0 exp(−∆G∗/RT) as known as the Arrhenius^1 equation 11 ...
Equilibrium Limiting step Often a reaction has two or more steps. One of the steps, usually the last one, is the slowest step, a ...
Rates and equilibria 113.2.1 Influence of temperature The influence of temperature can be obtained by differentiation of the equ ...
114 Gibbs free energy Gibbs free energyis represented by the following equation: ∆G =∆H -T∆S ∆G is the change in Gibbs free ener ...
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115 Bond dissociation energy Bond dissociation energyis the energy needed to break a chemical bond. Also known as the Bond Entha ...
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116 Energy diagrams Energy diagrams are used to show the favorability of a reaction. They show how energy gained or lost in the ...
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117 Transition states 117.1 Transition State Many reactions occur in a single step when two reactant molecules collide with suff ...
Transition states peaks are defined as ’transition states’ with no finite existence. Reaction intermediates will often have a fi ...
118 Carbocations Carbocations are carbon atoms in an organic molecule bearing a positive formal charge. Therefore they arecarbon ...
Carbocations 118.3 Formation of Carbocations Carbocation intermediates are formed in three main types of reactions: additions to ...
119 Electrophilic additions Electrophilic additions are also referred to asaddition reactions. An additionCH 2 =CH 2 + HX→CH 3 - ...
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120 Zaitsev’s rule Zaitsev’s (sometimes spelled ”Saytzeff”) rule: In elimination reactions^1 , the major reaction product is the ...
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121 Oxidation Hydroboration/oxidation is a two-step reaction that converts alkenes into alcohols with anti-Markovnikov regiochem ...
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122 Radicals 122.1 Radical stability Radicals listed from less to more stableF◦< Cl◦< Br◦< I◦F◦is totally unstable whil ...
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