Basic Statistics
PROBLEMS 185 Year Death Rate from Firearms 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 18.3 19.7 19.1 20.5 21.4 23.6 ...
186 REGRESSION AND CORRELATION (b) Contrast what you can learn from a scatter plot and T with what you can 12.4 The following ta ...
REFERENCES 187 (c) Take the logarithm of X = GDP and repeat the steps in (a) and (b) using (d) Explain why there is an increase ...
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CHAPTER 13 N 0 N PA RAM ET R I C STAT I ST I CS In Chapters 6-9 and 12, statistical analyses were given which assumed that the d ...
190 NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS In Section 13.1 the sign test for large and small samples is given. The sign test is often used wit ...
THE SIGN TEST 191 of successes equals the proportion of failures, or 7r equals 1/2 or .5. The method used for testing the null h ...
192 NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS The null hypothesis that the health plan had no effect on the number of days off work, 7r = 1/2 = . ...
THE WILCOXON SIGNED RANKSTEST 193 The assumptions made when performing this test include: The distribution of the Di values is ...
194 NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS and the sum of the negative values T- is 94. The sum of all the ranks is 105, Note that n(n+1)/2=10 ...
THE WILCOXON-MANN-WHITNEY TEST 195 13.3 THE WILCOXON-MANN-WHITNEY TEST Two rank tests were developed independently by Wilcoxon a ...
196 NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS Table 13.2 Cholesterol Levels and Ranks for a Combined Sample Chol. Group Rank 126 138 148 152 158 ...
THE WILCOXON-MANN-WHITNEY TEST 197 With a tie the formula for the variance becomes more complicated (see van Belle et al. [2004] ...
198 NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS 13.4 SPEARMAN’S RANK CORRELATION Spearman’s rank correlation is simply, as its name implies, a corr ...
REFERENCES 199 can be computed on the ranks, which is Spearman’s rho. SAS, Stata, and SPSS will compute Spearman’s rank correlat ...
200 NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS Hoaglin, D. C., Mosteller, F. and Tukey, J. W. [1983]. Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data An ...
CHAPTER 14 INTRODUCTION TO SURVIVAL AN ALY S I S In biomedical applications, survival analysis is used to study the length of ti ...
202 INTRODUCTION TO SURVIVAL ANALYSIS describe when each is useful. In Section 14.5 we briefly describe other analyzes performed ...
SURVIVAL ANALYSIS DATA 203 Start of Study End of Study (^4) lost to follow-up withdrawn alive 5 Year 1995 2000 2003 Figure 14. ...
204 INTRODUCTION TO SURVIVAL ANALYSIS Start of Observation lost to follow-up k- Yr; alive Year Figure 14.2 Time to event with al ...
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