bei48482_FM
Since Fermi energies for metals are usually several electronvolts (Table 9.2), the average electron energy in them at 0 K will a ...
White Dwarfs Perhaps 10 percent of the stars in our galaxy are believed to be white dwarfs.These are stars in the final stages o ...
In a white dwarf, only electrons with the highest energies can radiate, since only such electrons have empty lower states to fal ...
Neutron starsare thought to be 10 to 15 km in radius with masses between 1.4 and 3 Msun(Fig. 9.12). If the earth were this dens ...
Over 1000 pulsars have been discovered, all with periods between 0.0016 and 4 s. The best known pulsar, which is at the center o ...
332 Chapter Nine 9.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics At what temperature would one in a thousand of the atoms in a gas of atomic h ...
An object at 500°C is just hot enough to glow perceptibly; at 750°C it appears cherry-red in color. If a certain blackbody radi ...
The Fermi-Dirac distribution function for the free electrons in a metal cannot be approximated by the Maxwell-Boltzmann functio ...
10.1 CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS SOLIDS Long-range and short-range order 10.2 IONIC CRYSTALS The attraction of opposites can produ ...
Boron atom Oxygen atom (a) (b) Figure 10.1Two-dimensional representation of B 2 O 3. (a) Amorphous B 2 O 3 exhibits only short-r ...
The Solid State 337 (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 10.2Point defects in a crystal. (a) Vacancy. (b) Interstitial. (c) Substitutional imp ...
Figure 10.3A crystal under stress becomes permanently deformed when dislocations in its structure shift their positions. (a) Ini ...
The Solid State 339 element has a high electron affinity.Electron affinity is the energy released when an electron is added to a ...
of the Naion due to these six Clions is therefore U 1 The next nearest neighbors are 12 Naions, each one the distance 2 ...
The Solid State 341 B r 0 n^1 (10.4) The total potential energy at the equilibrium separation is therefore given by U 0 1 ...
distinct from the electric repulsion between like ions) decreases the potential energy by about 11 percent. A really precise kno ...
Uncut diamonds. The strength of the covalent bonds between adjacent carbon atoms gives diamonds their hardness. The Solid State ...
Purely covalent crystals are relatively few in number. In addition to diamond, some examples are silicon, germanium, and silicon ...
+ +– –++ +– + ++ –– Figure 10.12Polar molecules at- tract polarizable molecules. The Solid State 345 O^2 – H+ ...
The potential energy of the two molecules that arises from their interaction is neg- ative, signifying that the force between th ...
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