An introduction to Japanese - Syntax, Grammar & Language
1.4. WORDS AND WORD CLASSES 31 have articles at all. It’s not just that it uses a different way to indicate the difference betwe ...
32 CHAPTER 1. THE SYNTAX two categories, namely the ”five grade” verbs called godan, , and the ”single grade” verbs, called ichi ...
1.4. WORDS AND WORD CLASSES 33 A good rule of thumb is ”if you can say it’s ’something else’, it’s a noun”: ”This car is old.” ” ...
34 CHAPTER 1. THE SYNTAX referring directly to what we’re talking about, it is far more natural to use pronouns instead: ”I boug ...
1.4. WORDS AND WORD CLASSES 35 1.4.6 Adjectives As we saw in the section on nouns, any word that can be used to be ”more specifi ...
36 CHAPTER 1. THE SYNTAX adverb, leĴing us be specific about the way in which ”using” is used. While in English it can sometimes ...
1.4. WORDS AND WORD CLASSES 37 word classes. A handful of special prefixes are used for things like marking words ashonorific, p ...
38 CHAPTER 1. THE SYNTAX specific word from among a great number of onomatopoeia to indicate whether the dripping was intermiĴen ...
1.5. SENTENCE STRUCTURE 39 how languages order these three words classes, leading to the conclusions that English, for instance, ...
40 CHAPTER 1. THE SYNTAX they know about the speaker. This is what makes Japanese hard: most of the time, in every day Japanese, ...
1.5. SENTENCE STRUCTURE 41 sentence at all: kinou wa watashi no gohan o inu ga tabemashita. ”Yesterday: my dinner, (a/my/our) do ...
42 CHAPTER 1. THE SYNTAX 1.5.2 Emphasis. Another feature of languages is where emphasis lies in a sentence. In En- glish, we ten ...
1.6. PITCH AND ACCENTS 43 construction uses the particle ’yori’ and, like before, the order is quite op- posite: Y yori X no hou ...
44 CHAPTER 1. THE SYNTAX at which you should pronounce Japanese, which is simply not true. In- stead, accent through pitch in Ja ...
1.7. GENDER ROLES 45 1.7 Gender roles Due to the differentformalitylevels in Japanese, a particular style of speech is often ass ...
46 CHAPTER 1. THE SYNTAX same thing. If a public speaker at some convention is talking about the physics of Star Trek, then we c ...
1.8. CONTEXT LANGUAGE 47 the following manner: A: ”You haven’t seen my cup, have you?” B: ”No, I haven’t seen it.” A: ”That’s od ...
48 CHAPTER 1. THE SYNTAX ...
Chapter 2 Verb grammar As was mentioned in the introduction, there are two classes of verbal words in Japanese:verbs, andverbal ...
50 CHAPTER 2. VERB GRAMMAR moods and aspects have been dealt with. For instance, the verb construc- tion means ”(I) had been mad ...
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