An introduction to Japanese - Syntax, Grammar & Language
4.2. PARTICLES 171 and that’s nominalisation. This is a very powerful ’feature’, because it lets us talk about phrases as if the ...
172 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES In addition to its roles as noun lister and referral particle, can be used as a question softener. Used ...
4.2. PARTICLES 173 talking about TV. This using as an emphasis marker is a fairly common practice, although you need to know why ...
174 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES Of course, sometimes it will feel like isn’t doing this strict disam- biguation, such as in simple sent ...
4.2. PARTICLES 175 Ever. That said, you can use in a question to disambiguate just fine: ”Who’s recently been coming (over)?” li ...
176 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES counterpart to the word ”also”, since that can be used without any real prompting. A second use of is a ...
4.2. PARTICLES 177 Unlike for , however, when these interrogatives are followe by they can lead to some confusion when translate ...
178 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES Direct verb object The last particle in the list, but also the simplest to explain. In modern Japanes ...
4.3. MORE PARTICLES 179 lecture from a boss, for instance, might never involve any yelling or even exclamations, but might be in ...
180 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES Strong rhetoric Using instead of is a more assertive way to do the exact same thing, somewhat rhetori ...
4.3. MORE PARTICLES 181 , - Emphatic These particles are highly informal – to the point of familiar – versions of . You might us ...
182 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES Reiterating This particle is an excessively contracted form of the constructions ( ) and ( ), and it ...
4.3. MORE PARTICLES 183 Dubitative is the effeminate version of , reserved for women (as well as effeminate homosexuals and tr ...
184 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES Informative As sentence ender, this particle leads two lives. In standard Japanese, is used as an emp ...
4.3. MORE PARTICLES 185 a reason, paired with a question that would otherwise warrant a yes/no answer: A: B: A: ”Is it okay this ...
186 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES Cause This is essentially the continuative form for , and means ”it is that ...” as unfinished senten ...
4.3. MORE PARTICLES 187 the, in translation, different uses of this particle: ”(We)’re heading from Kyoto in the direction of Na ...
188 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES Temporal, spacial or reasoning extent (inclusive) The counterpart to is the particle , which signifie ...
4.3. MORE PARTICLES 189 Of course, and can be used together in the typical ”from ... up till ...” paĴern: ”(We)’re going from Ky ...
190 CHAPTER 4. PARTICLES and excluding the last moment can be critical, as for instance in the previ- ous example phrases. If we ...
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