Analytical Chemistry

Table 8.1 Techniques based on atomic spectrometry Spectrometric technique Radiation process Means of excitation Sample container ...

Table 8.2 Quantum classification of electronic energies Quantum number Symbol Parameter specified Permitted values principal n r ...

Figure 8.2 An emission spectrum for pure mercury obtained from a mercury lamp. It is easy to see that mixed sources, and higher ...

peratures (up to 10 000 K) produced by electrical discharges and radio frequency heated plasmas involve excitation to many more ...

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Only arc/spark, plasma emission, plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray emission spectrometry ...

outer 'mantle' will be more characteristic of atoms. Each element is characterized by the wavelengths at which radiation is emit ...

pressed from powder. Homogeneity of the electrode is of prime importance. A pointed graphite rod or tungsten is used as a counte ...

Interferences and Errors Associated with the Excitation Process Problems may arise from the different volatility of elements in ...

leaving spark methods pre-eminent only in fields such as metallurgical analysis where matrix effects are less important and wher ...

Figure 8.6 Working curve for the determination of magnesium with molybdenum as internal standard. over sixty can be determined s ...

W 294.4 100 Zn 334.5 100 ...

control. For example, a complete analysis on a steel sample just drawn from a furnace can be completed in two or three minutes a ...

these ions will impact on the surface of the cathode leading to vaporization and excitation of atoms from its surface. This proc ...

Figure 8.8 Glow discharge lamp (with permission from Jobin–Yvon). Applications The GDL can be used for the analysis of trace, mi ...

...

8.3— Plasma Emission Spectrometry Summary Principles Emission of electromagnetic radiation in the visible and ultraviolet region ...

Instrumentation The outline of the construction of a typical plasma emission spectrometer is to be seen in Figure 8.10. The exam ...

much reduced ionization relative to the rest of the plasma. Consequently, they are unable to carry the arc current, so that the ...

Figure 8.12 An ICP torch. electrons. The induction coil operates at a power level of about 2 kW. A third current of argon (0.5 d ...

More importantly, however, the ICP source has been applied to provide a source of ions for mass spectrometry (vide infra). Sampl ...