Analytical Chemistry

concentration or chemical composition. It is caused by different rates of migration of cations and anions across the boundary th ...

487 C mol–^1 ), and n the number of electrons involved in the electrode reaction. At 298.15 K RT/F In 10 = 0.059 158 V thus If t ...

The half-cell and its associated electrode reaction may be represented as The electrode potential is given by and therefore depe ...

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Disadvantages Titrations are slow and time-consuming unless automated. Potentiometry is the most widely used electroanalytical t ...

Membrane or Ion-selective Electrodes These can be subdivided into (a) glass electrodes (b) solid-state electrodes (c) liquid-mem ...

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ions and other species in solution may be either chemical or electrical in origin. As electrode response is a function of the ac ...

Table 6.2 Characteristics of some ion selective electrodes Ion to be monitored Type of elctrode Concentration range, M Optimum p ...

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glass is 72% SiO 2 , 22% Na 2 O, and 6% CaO. The surface of the glass must be hydrated for the membrane to be pH sensitive. This ...

the glass with lithium, and the calcium with strontium or barium, the error can be reduced by about one order of magnitude. So-c ...

best ion-selective electrodes available. Conduction through the membrane is facilitated by the movement of F– ions between anion ...

involved, the movement of Ag+ ions within the membrane being the potential-governing factor. Selectivity ratios for some of thes ...

The electrode responds to Ca2+ down to 10–^6 M (0.04 ppm) and is independent of pH in the range 6 to Other electrodes of this t ...

Figure 6.5 Schematic diagram of a gas-sensing electrode. Selective ion electrode is shown as a glass electrode. The reference el ...

Direct Potentiometric Measurements Methods in which the cell potential for the sample solution is compared with that for one or ...

Figure 6.6 Potentiometric titration curves. (a) Normal curve. (b) First derivative curve. (b) Second derivative curve. eliminate ...

Figure 6.7 Acid base titration curves. Precipitation Titrations Such titrations involve the progressive removal of a species fro ...

Figure 6.8 Titration of halides with silver nitrate. (a) Titration of iodide with AgNO 3.^ (b) Titration of a mixture of chlorid ...