Islam : A Short History
Islam. 21 Medina, in accordance with Arab custom. Muhammad tried to reassure the Nadir, and made a special treaty with them, but ...
22 • Karen Armstrong Arabic such virulently anti-semitic texts a s the P r o t o c o l s o f t h e E l d e r s o f Zion, because ...
Islam • 23 the help of some of his Bedouin allies, managed to reach the edge of the sanctuary, camped at Hudaybiyyah and awaited ...
Karen Armstrong They expressed the Islamic experience of "salvation," which does not consist in the redemption of an "original ...
Islam • 25 there had been no need for officialdom and a bureaucracy. How would the new deputy (khalifah) of Muhammad pre- serve ...
Karen Armstrong mistake to regard this as a widespread religious defection. The revolts were entirely political and economic. ...
Islam • 21 were enticed back by the prospect of taking part in the lucra- tive ghazu raids in the neighbouring lands, which gain ...
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Islam • 29 Byzantine heartlands in Anatolia. Nevertheless, the Muslims were victorious at the Battle of Yarmuk (636) in northern ...
Karen Armstrong plunder and a common activity that would preserve the unity of the ummah. For centuries the Arabs had tried to ...
Islam • 31 in their new empire had become dhimmis (protected subjects), they could not be raided or attacked in any way. It had ...
Karen Armstrong the third caliph by six of the Prophet's companions. He was a weaker character than his predecessors, but for ...
Islam. 33 also incensed when Uthman insisted that only one version of the sacred text be used in the garrison towns, and suppres ...
Karen Armstrong Uthman's murderers. Since the army was in the provinces, the rebels marched from Medina to Basrah. Ali was in ...
Islam. 35 on the tips of their lances and called for neutral Muslims to arbitrate between the contestants in accordance with God ...
Karen Armstrong port, even in Kufah. Muawiyyah made steady gains and many of the Arabs remained neutral. A second attempt at a ...
Islam. 37 but could see that Muawiyyah was far from ideal. They began to look back on the period of the four rashidun as a time ...
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DEVELOPMENT 2 ...
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