Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World
great antiquity (going back to the fi ft h millennium b.c.e.), its impressive size (3.4 square miles—bigger than Athens in the f ...
and an extensive religious precinct. It is the site of two of the most impressive archaeological discoveries of antiquity: the m ...
were both the hubs of military administration and royal gov- ernment as well as the cultural and symbolic centers of mul- tinati ...
on excavations and the analysis of their data, it is believed that the fi rst cities in Asia were in China. Urbanism devel- oped ...
More than 50 walled settlements from this period have been uncovered along the Yellow and Yangtze river valleys. Th is was a lso ...
remains are more than 3,000 tombs, 2,200 sacrifi cial burials, and about 200 residential foundations, along with thousands of ar ...
a city of palaces. Aft er Luoyang, all Chinese capitals would have only one palace area. Moreover, beginning with the Eastern Ha ...
Many of the sites mentioned by Caesar have been iden- tifi ed; they are characterized by massive ramparts, usually a single bank ...
imports into temperate Europe became scarce. Mont Las- sois and the Heuneburg had already been abandoned soon aft er 500 b.c.e. ...
political, legal, and economic power to sustain the settlement once it was established. Caesar refers to t he “tribes” of Gau l ...
fl oor, though there is evidence that most had a second story. Th e only cult sites were unpretentious, incorporated into the bl ...
of life’s necessities, only craft smen had the needed skill and equipment to forge good weapons and tools, to cast jewelry or ar ...
part in city government, which was considered a right and duty of every citizen. Civic leaders regulated their city’s physical l ...
built separately, though many large Greek cities had tene- ment blocks. Th e front entrance of the home faced south, with a smal ...
the most famous and largest library of the ancient world, which held more than 200,000 books. Alexandria attracted a Mediterrane ...
goddess of wisdom. All capitols were built on high ground; Rome’s was on the Capitoline Hill. If there was no natu- ral high gro ...
area only slightly smaller than a football field. The basilica was primarily a market space for private businesses, but it often ...
tenacious, and hard workers who could ably defend the city from attack and build its economy. North Africa had many such cities. ...
built around or next to an existing settlement, that area was oft en left untouched, and its passages were not part of the grid ...
primary role is singularly defensive. Consequently, the urban texture of a hilltop fortress is limited and coarse by compari- so ...
«
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
»
Free download pdf