Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World
335–ca. 405 c.e.) wrote commentaries on Ptolemy’s Almagest and was the father of Hypatia, the fi rst well-known female mathemati ...
Th e Latin literary tradition also includes astronomical material, with Roman writers adapting it to their own cul- tural and so ...
16.5 degrees clockwise from the cardinal directions, lining up with certain mountain peaks that could have been used as natural ...
II. Omens from the Horns of the Moon When the Moon’s horns face equally, there will be a secure dwelling for the land. When at t ...
Asshur, wherein the king is dwelling; now there are clouds everywhere, so that whether it did or did not happen we do not know. ...
rising, of dryness from evening rising to the second station, of cold from second station to setting; it is clear that when they ...
FURTHER READING Anthony F. Aveni, Ancient Astronomers (Montreal: St. Remy Press, 1993). Anthony F. Aveni, Stairways to the Stars ...
139 B ▶ borders and frontiers introduction At fi rst, people may have had no concept of borders anywhere in the world. Th e wo ...
desire to protect territory where natural resources were too scarce to be shared, to protect trade routes, or to protect a natio ...
At Jenne-jeno, in what was then known as Ghana but is now modern-day Mali, remains of a large settlement (cover- ing 60 acres by ...
Nubia in the Old Kingdom. Several settlements were estab- lished south of Elephantine to control the frontier, including the tow ...
lover of the goddess Ishtar. Th e kingdom he created was called Akkad, aft er the name for Agade, its now-lost capital city. Th ...
ASIA AND THE PACIFIC BY MICHAEL ALLEN HOLMES Nations and states as defi ned in modern terms, with explicit boundaries oft en dem ...
the islands of modern Japan as well, while people long in- habited the more arable valleys, the abundant mountains served to inh ...
that they called kingdoms. During Caesar’s time they took control of southern Scandinavia, forming many small king- doms. It was ...
their city walls, which were designed to guard only Athens and its port of Piraeus. In addition, one of the key incidents of the ...
a ditch surrounding the perimeter and earth thrown up behind it to form a rampart. On top of the rampart was a palisade of timbe ...
nological effi ciency, or population pressures—was fi nally able to penetrate the boundary. Along the Northwest Coast raiding an ...
Hastings Donnan and Th omas M. Wilson, Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State (Oxford UK: Berg Publishers, 1999). Nic ...
with an opening for the doorway. Th e next layer would then be spread on top of the fi rst. In northwestern, sub-Saharan Africa, ...
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