Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

HYMN CXXIX: CREATION THEN was not non-existent nor existent: there was no realm of air, no sky beyond it. What covered in, and ...

FURTHER READING Mary Beard, John North, and Simon Price, Religions of Rome, Vol. 1, A History (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univer ...

city disappeared because of a permanent disruption of the way life had been. It was for these reasons that resistance and dissen ...

from 264 to 241 b.c.e., was indecisive. However, to put an end to the war, Carthage had had to pay a great deal of trib- ute to ...

priesthood or the bureaucracy, but this changed aft er the Hyksos invasion of Egypt that ended the Middle Kingdom. Aft er the Hy ...

culture: being of proper descent, enjoying the approval of the gods, taking the leading role in the cult, and promoting the econ ...

of which Confucius and his follower Mencius (ca. 371–ca. 289 b.c.e.) were themselves prime examples. While still ad- hering to a ...

population increased dramatically, and social organization became more complex. Following the Yayoi Period was the Kofun Period, ...

invaders. During the reign of Taejo (53–146 c.e.), for exam- ple, the Koreans mounted a number of attacks on the Chinese garriso ...

the Teutoburg Forest (near modern-day Bremen) and annihi- lated it; the victors dedicated the slaughtered legions’ battle standa ...

themselves, as was their ability to be “free and tolerant in their private lives,” according to the funeral oration by the Athen ...

phanes may have been technically without merit, yet it may well have stood a chance of success. Th ird, freedom of speech did no ...

Th e competition between the Optimates and the Populares continued, with Tullius Cicero (106–43 b.c.e.) championing the Optimate ...

THE AMERICAS BY KIRK H. BEETZ In the ancient Americas people who openly disagreed with or resisted those in power tended to be t ...

experienced by Teotihuacán by having even their kings endure the same privations as the poor. Kings and nobles wore bet- ter clo ...

modern people accustomed to traveling at high speeds on in- terstate highways. Th e fi rst paved streets were built probably in ...

the 1960s during salvage operations in connection with the construction of the Aswān Dam on the Nile River. Archae- ologists dis ...

moved from ship to ship on the river. In urban areas, proces- sional ways to temples were oft en paved. Th e stones were laid di ...

aft er winter rains would have washed boulders and other de- bris into pathways. Th is event is also mentioned in the Jewish tex ...

cant factor in the development of many ancient civilizations. When the paths became eroded from use, travelers created new paths ...