Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

EUROPE BY JUSTIN CORFIELD AND MICHAEL J. O’NEAL During the Mesolithic (ca. 10,000–ca. 4,000 b.c.e.) and Neo- lithic (ca. 7000–ca ...

Asia. Th e other main routes ran north-south and connected northern Europe and the Baltic region with southern Europe and the Me ...

this irregular style was named Attic because of its establish- ment in various demes (small political divisions) of Attica, thou ...

functions, serving as administrative and commercial links between the capital city and its distant territories and con- necting ...

and other architectural elements. Causeways are raised road- beds. In many cases, formal roads are ceremonial. Over time, a road ...

FURTHER READING Jean-Pierre Adam, Roman Building: Materials and Techniques (London: Batsford, 1994). Lionel Casson, Travel in th ...

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Peter Bogucki, Editor in Chief ENCYCLOPEDIA of Ancient Wor ld Society and Culture in the Volume IV (sacred sites to writing) i-x ...

Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World Copyright © 2008 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved. No part of ...

Contents Advisers and Contributors v List of Illustrations xiii List of Maps and Primary Source Documents xx Preface xxiii Intro ...

numbers and counting 797 occupations 807 pandemics and epidemics 819 religion and cosmology 831 resistance and dissent 869 roads ...

v Advisers and Contributors EDITOR IN CHIEF Peter Bogucki Associate Dean for Undergraduate Aff airs, School of Engineering and A ...

Cloisters and a docent at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Mariam F. Ayad, Ph.D., teaches graduate-level classes on Egy ...

Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D., teaches in the Nautical Archae- ology Program of the Department of Anthropology at Texas A&M Univ ...

clude the art and civilizations of ancient Oaxaca and issues surrounding the cultural interaction between the Old and New Worlds ...

Team, in Baghdad, Iraq. She has contributed to Ancient Eu- rope 8000 b.c.–a.d. 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World (2004) ...

Channel and will appear in their 2007 series Cities of the Un- derworld as an expert on underground Rome and Naples. Marie Passa ...

numerous publications include Roman Coins and Th eir Val- ues (1964; rev. ed., 2000–2005), Byzantine Coins and Th eir Va l u e s ...

Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation (2006) and Th e Babylonian World (forthcoming). Lawrence Waldron, M.F.A., i ...

xiii VOLUME I Glass kohl tube in the form of a palm column, from Egypt 5 Gold lion, used as a fabric ornament and found at Perse ...