The Foundations of Chemistry

tions, we usually represent the hydrated hydrogen ion as the hydronium ion,H 3 O
, or H
(H 2 O)n, in which n1. The hydrated hyd ...

The ionization of hydrogen fluoride, a weakacid, is similar, but it occurs to only a slight extent, so we use a double arrow to ...

that Clis a weaker base than H 2 O. Thus, the weaker acid, HF, has the stronger conju- gate base, F. The stronger acid, HCl, h ...

THE AUTOIONIZATION OF WATER Careful measurements show that pure water ionizes ever so slightly to produce equal numbers of hydra ...

Al(OH) 3 (s)
3HNO 3 (aq)88nAl(NO 3 ) 3 (aq)
3H 2 O(
) Al(OH) 3 (s)
3[H
(aq)
NO 3 (aq)]88n[Al^3
(aq)
3NO 3 (aq)]
3H 2 O(
) Al( ...

Other amphoteric metal hydroxides undergo similar reactions. Table 10-1 contains lists of the common amphoteric hydroxides. Thre ...

2.The bond strength is considerably greater in HF than in the other three molecules. This tells us that the HXF bond is harder t ...

HXO bonds are much stronger than the bonds in the other Group VI hydrides. As we might expect, the order of acid strengths for t ...

ionic. NaOH therefore exists as Na
and OHions, even in the solid state, and dissoci- ates into Na
and OHions when it dissolves ...

H 2 SeO 4 H 2 SO 4 H 2 SeO 3 H 2 SO 3 H 3 PO 4 HNO 3 HBrO 4 HClO 4 HBrO 3 HClO 3 Contrary to what we might expect, H 3 PO 3 ...

CH 3 COOH(aq)
NaOH(aq)88nNaCH 3 COO(aq)
H 2 O(
) The total ionic equation for this reaction is CH 3 COOH(aq)
[Na
(aq)
OH(aq)]88 ...

EXAMPLE 10-3 Preparation of Salts Write the formula unit equation for the reaction of an acid and a base that will produce each ...

There are many additional examples of acidic salts. Sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO 3 , commonly called sodium bicarbonate, is ...

These definitions do notspecify that an electron pair must be transferred from one atom to another—only that an electron pair, r ...

Theoretically, any species that contains an unshared electron pair could act as a base. In fact, most ions and molecules that co ...

Cl Cl Cl Cl Sn SnCl 4 (
) 2Cl(aq) SnCl 62 (aq) 2 

2Cl acid base Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Sn Sn is sp^3 d^2 hybridized (octahedra ...

THE PREPARATION OF ACIDS Binary acids may be prepared by combination of appropriate elements with hydrogen (Section 6-7, part 2) ...

Mn 2 O 7 (
)
H 2 O(
)88n2[H
(aq)
MnO 4 (aq)] manganese(VII) oxide permanganic acid 2CrO 3 (s)
H 2 O(
)88n[2H
(aq)
Cr 2 O 72  ...

Exercises 393 Electrolyte A substance whose aqueous solutions conduct elec- tricity. Formula unit equation A chemical equation i ...

394 CHAPTER 10: Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I: Acids, Bases, and Salts Brønsted–Lowry Theory 0 13.State the basic ideas of th ...