The Foundations of Chemistry

1 The Foundations of Chemistry ...

OUTLINE 1-1 Matter and Energy 1-2 States of Matter 1-3 Chemical and Physical Properties 1-4 Chemical and Physical Changes 1-5 Mi ...

Whichreally poses the greater environmental threat — the burning of fossil fuels and its contribution to the greenhouse effect a ...

We understand simple chemical systems well; they lie near chemistry’s fuzzy boundary with physics. They can often be described e ...

object possesses because of its position, condition, or composition. Coal, for example, possesses chemical energy, a form of pot ...

The Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy With the dawn of the nuclear age in the 1940s, scientists, and then the world, beca ...

substance depend on the conditions, such as temperature and pressure, under which they are measured. For instance, water is a so ...

Figure 1-3 Physical changes that occur among the three states of matter. Sublimationis the conversion of a solid directly to a g ...

Because no two different substances have identical sets of chemical and physical prop- erties under the same conditions, we are ...

water to form ice. The changes in energy that accompany these physical changes for wa- ter are shown in Figure 1-5. At a pressur ...

CC The Development of Science HEMISTRY IN USE The Resources of the Ocean As is apparent to anyone who has swum in the ocean, sea ...

Mixtures can be separated by physical means because each component retains its prop- erties (Figures 1-6 and 1-7). For example, ...

In anymixture, (1) the composition can be varied and (2) each component of the mixture retains its own properties. Imagine that ...

oxygen are alwayspresent in the same ratio by mass, 11.1% to 88.9%. These observations allow us to identify water as a compound. ...

Furthermore, we may say that a compound is a pure substance consisting of two or more dif- ferent elements in a fixed ratio.Wate ...

fraction of the carbon in the environment occurs in living organisms. More than one quarter of the total mass of the earth’s cru ...

the United States, all units of measure are set by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST (formerly the Nation ...

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Mass and Weight We distinguish between mass and weight. Massis the measure of the quantity of matter a body ...

Volume Volumes are often measured in liters or milliliters in the metric system. One liter (1 L) is one cubic decimeter (1 dm^3 ...

USE OF NUMBERS In chemistry, we measure and calculate many things, so we must be sure we understand how to use numbers. In this ...