Modern Control Engineering
110 Chapter 4 / Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems and Thermal Systems Air supply Orifice Input 0 Nozzle (a) (b) Flapper To ...
Section 4–3 / Pneumatic Systems 111 To atmosphere Pa Nozzle back pressure Pb Air supply Ps Pc To pneumatic valve (a) (b) To atmo ...
112 Chapter 4 / Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems and Thermal Systems To atmosphere Nozzle back pressure Pb Air supply Ps P ...
Section 4–3 / Pneumatic Systems 113 + Orifice Actuating error signal Flapper Nozzle Pneumatic relay (a) (b) (c) Ps e a b F P ...
114 Chapter 4 / Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems and Thermal Systems Assuming that the relationship between the variation ...
Section 4–3 / Pneumatic Systems 115 (a) (b) (^00) X X Ps Ps Pb X Ps Pb Pa Pc Pa Pc The effect of the feedback bellows is thus to ...
116 Chapter 4 / Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems and Thermal Systems As in the case of the force-distance type controller, ...
Section 4–3 / Pneumatic Systems 117 C Pc+ pc A k X+x Q+ qi Figure 4–11 Schematic diagram of a pneumatic actuating valve. Pneumat ...
118 Chapter 4 / Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems and Thermal Systems whereX(s)=l[x]and If qi, the change in flow through t ...
Section 4–3 / Pneumatic Systems 119 +– e a b (a) (b) E(s) b X(s) Pc(s) a+b K a a+b A ks X+x Pc+pc Ps Figure 4–13 (a) Pneumatic p ...
120 Chapter 4 / Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems and Thermal Systems Then the change in the control pressure will be insta ...
Section 4–3 / Pneumatic Systems 121 (a) (b) (c) (d) e a b X+x Pc+pc Ps R C pc K K x e t t t E(s) X(s) Pc(s) E(s) X(s) Pc(s) a a+ ...
122 Chapter 4 / Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems and Thermal Systems +– (a) (b) e a b X+x Ps Ri Rd CC Pc+pc (Ri Rd) E(s) X ...
Section 4–4 / Hydraulic Systems 123 The transfer function of this controller is By defining and noting that under normal operati ...
124 Chapter 4 / Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems and Thermal Systems Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic Systems. Th ...
Section 4–4 / Hydraulic Systems 125 x y qq p 0 ps p 0 p 1 p 2 4123 (a) x (b) 1 2 ps x 0 2 +x x 0 2 – x Load m b Figure 4–17 (a) ...
126 Chapter 4 / Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems and Thermal Systems valve is symmetrical,A 1 =A 3 andA 2 =A 4. Assuming t ...
Section 4–4 / Hydraulic Systems 127 then For the symmetrical valve shown in Figure 4–17(a), the pressure in each side of the pow ...
128 Chapter 4 / Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Systems and Thermal Systems x= 2 x 1 x= x 1 x= 0 x=–x 1 0 q P x=– 2 x 1 Figure 4– ...
Section 4–4 / Hydraulic Systems 129 For a given maximum force, if the pressure difference is sufficiently high, the piston area, ...
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