Chemistry, Third edition

306 16 · ACID–BASE EQUILIBRIA 16.1.Label the following as true (T) or false (F): (i) The pH range of an indicator is the band of ...

Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Objectives Explains what is meant by ‘organic chemistry’ Introduces you to some families of hy ...

308 17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS from combustion reactions they are not particularly chemically reactive. They are found ...

ALKANES The last is a stick formula, where each end represents a carbon joined to three hydro- gens and each point a carbon join ...

17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS Naming alkanes The rules for naming alkanes are as follows: 1.Identify the longest carbon c ...

ALKANES 311 Example 17.2 Name the compound CH 3 CHCH 2 CHCH 3 || CH 3 CH 2 | CH 2 | CH 3 Answer 1.Identify the longest chain – ...

17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS Sources of alkanes Alkanes are obtained from crude oil and natural gas. These relatively si ...

ALKANES the top. Each group of compounds collected is called a fraction. Each fraction is still a complicated mixture, since it ...

17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS can be broken into smaller molecules, using a process called cracking. In thermal cracking, ...

ALKENES When methane, for example, reacts with chlorine gas in sunlight, chlorine atoms substitute for hydrogen atoms and chloro ...

17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS Naming alkenes The following additional rules apply when naming alkenes: 1.Choose the longe ...

ALKENES Isomerism in alkenes There are a number of possible structural arrangements for a compound of formula C 4 H 8 : Experime ...

17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS Chemical properties of alkenes The physical properties of the alkenes are very similar to t ...

ALKENES Hydrogen (H 2 ) H–H The addition of hydrogen to an alkene is called hydrogenation and the product is an alkane. Hydrogen ...

17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS Styrene n(CH 2 =CH)···CH 2 —CH—CH 2 —CH··· ||| C 6 H 5 C 6 H 5 C 6 H 5 styrene polystyrene ...

ALKYNES Alkynes The alkynes are a family of hydrocarbons that contain a carbon–carbon triple bond, with the general formula CnH ...

322 17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS BOX 17.7 Analysis of organic compounds Often, one of the the first steps in the identif ...

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS This was usually abbreviated to: In fact, none of these structures correctly describes benzene. All the ca ...

324 17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS Note that ‘Ar–’ stands for aryland is used to represent an aromatic group, includ- ing ...

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ●Benzene is alkylatedby reaction with an halogenoalkane, in the presence of a catalyst. For example, chlor ...