Chemistry, Third edition

326 17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS Arenes Hydrocarbons that contain both aromatic and aliphatic groups are called arenes. ...

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 327 Fused ring aromatic compounds Aromatic rings that share a pair of carbon atoms are said to be fused. S ...

328 17 · ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HYDROCARBONS 17.1.Write the formula of n-hexane in three different ways. 17.2.Write the structural f ...

Common Classes of Organic Compounds Objectives Explains what is meant by functional group Shows you how organic compounds can ...

18 · COMMON CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Halogenoalkanes (or alkyl halides) We have already met these compounds in Chapter 17. T ...

ALCOHOLS Physical properties of alcohols Ability to hydrogen bond The–OH group in an alcohol is polar: R—O — H  Alcohols a ...

332 18 · COMMON CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Ethanol Although there are many alcohols, when the non-chemist refers to ‘alcohol’ ...

ALCOHOLS 333 Dilute aqueous solutions of ethanol, when drunk as beverages, cause a pleasant relaxed feeling; however, too much ‘ ...

18 · COMMON CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbonyl compounds Carbonyl compounds contain the carbonyl group, C=O. The carbonyl gr ...

Preparation of aldehydes and ketones by oxidation of alcohols Primary or secondary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or keto ...

336 18 · COMMON CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Acidified sodium dichromate is an example of an oxidizing agent which will bring ab ...

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS 337 An aldehyde or ketone is converted to the corresponding dinitrophenyl- hydrazone (DNP). The DNP is purifi ...

338 18 · COMMON CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Naming carboxylic acids Name the following acids: (i) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH (ii)CH 3 ...

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 339 If an electronegative species, such as chlorine, is present in the acid molecule, close to the carboxyl gro ...

340 18 · COMMON CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Derivatives of carboxylic acids Esters are one family of compounds that can be deri ...

AMINES 341 Amines The formulae for primary amines are of the form R–NH 2 , where –NH 2 is the amino group. Examples of primary a ...

342 18 · COMMON CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS to be more basic than ammonia because alkyl groups push electrons on to the nitroge ...

AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS 343 Structure of amino acids (i)Most naturally occurring amino acids can exist in two optically active ...

344 18 · COMMON CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Peptides Peptides are formed when the amino group of one amino acid interacts with ...

SUBSTITUTED BENZENE DERIVATIVES 345 The structures of proteins can be studied on a number of levels: 1.Theprimary structureof a ...