Chemistry, Third edition

206 12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES 4.Many of the metals can exist in a wide range of oxidation states. These are shown in Box 12.8. The ...

ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST TRANSITION SERIES 207 transition metal’s ability to exist in different oxidation states allows it to easil ...

208 12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES Notice that a transition metal complex ion is written in squarebrackets and the over- all charge on t ...

ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST TRANSITION SERIES 209 Cordination numbers two, four and six are found in transition metal complexes, with ...

12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES Variation of properties of elements within groups and periods Changes in properties within groups By now, ...

VARIATION OF PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS WITHIN GROUPS tend to be ionic and basic. Highly basic oxides such as Na 2 O form hydroxides ...

12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES The halogens also react by sharing electrons to form covalent bonds. For example, in the reaction of hydr ...

VARIATION OF PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS WITHIN GROUPS 213 BOX 12.11 Mendeleev’s periodic table Dimitri Mendeleev (1834–1907), a Sibe ...

214 12 · CHEMICAL FAMILIES 12.1.Using only the symbols shown in this outline of the Periodic Table give the symbols for: (i) an ...

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Objectives Defines different types of standard enthalpy change Explains Hess’s law Intro ...

216 13 · ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS More about enthalpy changes The enthalpy change Hof a reaction reactants product ...

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 217 Standard enthalpy changes of reaction (H^ — ) The enthalpy change of a reaction when the reactants a ...

13 · ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS ning and end of the reaction is 298 °C, and we shall therefore take H—^ to mean H^ — ...

KEY POINTS ABOUT ENTHALPY CHANGES 2H 2 (g)O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) (in which 2 mol of liquidwater is made) is571.66 kJ mol^1. The d ...

220 13 · ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS 4.If a reaction can occur by more than one route, the enthalpy change is the same, ...

KEY POINTS ABOUT ENTHALPY CHANGES 221 shows that standard enthalpy change for reaction (13.3) is the sumof the enthalpy changes ...

222 13 · ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS Determination of H in the laboratory The following section gives an example of a ...

DETERMINATION OF ΔHIN THE LABORATORY 223 ● The chemical reaction should be rapid, so that the energy change is complete in a sho ...

224 13 · ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS ture measurements are recorded at regular intervals (say every 5 s) after reaction ...

SPECIAL KINDS OF STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE Special kinds of standard enthalpy change Some examples of special standard enthalpy c ...