Global Warming
Particles in theatmosphere 49 Figure 3.7Modelled geographic distribution of estimates of the annual mean direct radiative forcin ...
50 The greenhousegases Level of scientific understanding (LOSU) − 2 − 1 0 1 2 3 Radiative forcing (W m −^2 ) Global and annual m ...
Questions 51 to the increase in greenhouse gases of about 2.6 W m−^2. Comparing global average forcings, however, is not the who ...
52 The greenhousegases This is done using information about how the different gases absorb radiation in the infrared part of the ...
Questions 53 cloud formation through the effect of the particles in aircraft emissions. The overall greenhouse effect of aircraf ...
54 The greenhousegases 10 With the use of the formula given in the text, calculate the radiative forcing due to carbon dioxide f ...
Notes 55 about 23 for the 100 year time horizon. About seventy-five per cent of the contribution of methane to the greenhouse ef ...
Chapter 4 Climates of the past To obtainsome perspective against which to view future climate change, it is helpful to look at s ...
The last hundredyears 57 Departures in temperature( °C) from the 1961–1990 average 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 −0.2 −0.4 −0.6 −0.8 1880 ...
58 Climates ofthe past A number of research groups in different countries have made careful and independent analyses of these ob ...
The last hundredyears 59 Atmospheric temperature observed by satellites Since 1979 meteorological satellites flown by the Nation ...
60 Climates ofthe past Satellites Surface Balloons Satellites Balloons 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 Anomaly ( ...
The last hundredyears 61 with high pressure over the sub-tropical Atlantic and southern Europe and mild winters over northwest E ...
62 Climates ofthe past Table 4.1Twentieth-century changes in the Earth’s atmosphere, climate and biophysical system Indicator Ob ...
The last hundredyears 63 Table 4.1(cont.) Indicator Observed changes Biological and physical indicators Global mean sea level In ...
64 Climates ofthe past awareness of recent extremes in the forms of floods, droughts, tropical cyclones and windstorms. It is th ...
The last thousandyears 65 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Year −1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 relative to 1961 to 1990 Northern Hemisphere ...
66 Climates ofthe past in April 1815, which was followed in many places by two exception- ally cold years: 1816 was described in ...
The past millionyears 67 Deep cores have been drilled out of the ice at several locations in both Greenland and Antarctica. At R ...
68 Climates ofthe past time at which the ice was formed – gases such as carbon dioxide or methane. Dust particles that may have ...
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